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Glossary Chapter 3 aisle The portion of a basilica flanking the nave and separated from it by a row of columns or piers. amphitheater Greek, “double theater.” A Roman building type resembling two Greek theaters put together. The Roman amphitheater featured a continuous elliptical cavea around a central arena. Apollodorus of Damascus Apollodorus of Damascus apse A recess, usually semicircular, in the wall of a Roman basilica or at the east end of a church. arch A curved structural member that spans an opening and is generally composed of wedge-shaped blocks (voussoirs) that transmit the downward pressure laterally.See also thrust. arcuated Arch shaped. arena In a Roman amphitheater, the central area where bloody gladiatorial combats and other boisterous events took place. atmospheric perspective See perspective. atrium The court of a Roman house that is partly open to the sky. Also the open, colonnaded court in front of and attached to a Christian basilica. attic The uppermost story of a building. barrel vault See vault. basilica In Roman architecture, a civic building for legal and other civic proceedings, rectangular in plan with an entrance usually on a long side. In Christian architecture, a church somewhat resembling the Roman basilica, usually entered from one end and with an apse at the other. buttress An exterior masonry structure that opposes the lateral thrust of an arch or a vault. A pier buttress is a solid mass of masonry; a flying buttress consists typically of an inclined member carried on an arch or a series of arches and a solid buttress to which it transmits lateral thrust. caldarium The hot-bath section of a Roman bathing establishment. Capitolium An ancient Roman temple dedicated to the gods Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. coffer A sunken panel, often ornamental, in a vault or a ceiling. 1 colonnette A thin column. concrete A building material invented by the Romans and consisting of various proportions of lime mortar, volcanic sand, water, and small stones. Corinthian capital A more ornate form than Doric or Ionic; it consists of a double row of acanthus leaves from which tendrils and flowers grow, wrapped around a bell-shaped echinus. Although this capital form is often cited as the distinguishing feature of the Corinthian order, there is, strictly speaking, no Corinthian order, but only this style of capital used in the Ionic order. cross vault See vault. cubiculum (pl. cubicula) A small cubicle or bedroom that opened onto the atrium of a Roman house. Also, a chamber in an Early Christian catacomb that served as a mortuary chapel. damnatio memoriae The Roman decree condemning those who ran afoul of the Senate. Those who suffered damnatio memoriae had their memorials demolished and their names erased from public inscriptions. dome A hemispheric vault; theoretically, an arch rotated on its vertical axis. domus A Roman private house. drum One of the stacked cylindrical stones that form the shaft of a column; the cylindrical wall that supports a dome. encaustic A painting technique in which pigment is mixed with wax and applied to the surface while hot. engaged column A half-round column attached to a wall. See also pilaster. exedra Recessed area, usually semicircular. fauces Latin, “throat.” In a Roman house, the narrow foyer leading to the atrium. fenestrated Having windows. First Style mural The earliest style of Roman mural painting. Also called the Masonry Style, because the aim of the artist was to imitate, using painted stucco relief, the appearance of costly marble panels. forum The public square of an ancient Roman city. Fourth Style mural In Roman mural painting, the Fourth Style marks a return to architectural illusionism, but the architectural vistas of the Fourth Style are irrational fantasies. frigidarium The coldbath section of a Roman bathing establishment. 2 groin The edge formed by the intersection of two vaults. groin vault See vault. imagines In ancient Rome, wax portraits of ancestors. imperator Latin, “commander in chief, “ from which the word emperor is derived. impluvium In a Roman house, the basin located in the atrium that collected rainwater. nave The central area of an ancient Roman basilica or of a church, demarcated from aisles by piers or columns. necropolis Greek, “city of the dead”; a large burial area or cemetery. oculus (pl. oculi) Latin, “eye.” The round central opening of a dome. Also, a small round window in a Gothic cathedral. peristyle In ancient Greek architecture, a colonnade all around the cella and its porch(es). A peripteral colonnade consists of a single row of columns on all sides; a dipteral colonnade has a double row all around. pier A vertical, freestanding masonry support. pilaster A flat, rectangular, vertical member projecting from a wall of which it forms a part. It usually has a base and a capital and is often fluted. pontifex maximus Latin, “chief priest.” The high priest of the Roman state religion, often the emperor himself. portico A roofed colonnade; also an entrance porch. pseudoperipteral In Roman architecture, a pseudoperipteral temple has a series of engaged columns all around the sides and back of the cella to give the appearance of a peripteral colonnade. revetment In architecture, a wall covering or facing. sarcophagus (pl. sarcophagi) Latin, “consumer of flesh.” A coffin, usually of stone. Second Style mural The style of Roman mural painting in which the aim was to dissolve the confining walls of a room and replace them with the illusion of a three-dimensional world constructed in the artist’s imagination. senate Latin, “council of elders.” The legislative body in Roman constitutional government. skenographia Greek, “scene painting”; the Greek term for perspective painting. spandrel The roughly triangular space enclosed by the curves of adjacent 3 arches and a horizontal member connecting their vertexes; also, the space enclosed by the curve of an arch and an enclosing right angle. The area between the arch proper and the framing columns and entablature. still life A picture depicting an arrangement of objects. superimposed orders Orders of architecture that are placed one above another in an arcaded or colonnaded building, usually in the following sequence: Doric (the first story), Ionic, and Corinthian. Superimposed orders are found in later Greek architecture and were used widely by Roman and Renaissance builders. taberna In Roman architecture, a single-room shop usually covered by a barrel vault. tablinum The study or office in a Roman house. tepidarium The warmbath section of a Roman bathing establishment. terracotta Hard-baked clay, used for sculpture and as a building material. It may be glazed or painted. tetrarchy Greek, “rule by four.” A type of Roman government established in the late third century CE by Diocletian in an attempt to establish order by sharing power with potential rivals. Third Style mural In Roman mural painting, the style in which delicate linear fantasies were sketched on predominantly monochromatic backgrounds. triclinium The dining room of a Roman house. triumphal arch In Roman architecture, a freestanding arch commemorating an important event, such as a military victory or the opening of a new road. In Christian architecture, the arch framing the apse at the end of a church nave. tumulus (pl. tumuli) Burial mound; in Etruscan architecture, tumuli cover one or more subterranean multichambered tombs cut out of the local tufa (limestone). Also characteristic of the Japanese Kofun period of the third and fourth centuries. tunnel vault See vault. Tuscan column The standard type of Etruscan column. Resembles ancient Greek Doric columns, but is made of wood, is unfluted, and has a base. veristic True to natural appearance. 4