Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Larson/Hostetler/Edwards - Precalculus 6th Edition. Section B.1 Appendix B B.1 What you should learn Why you should learn it Line plots, stem-and-leaf plots, and histograms are quick methods for determining which elements in a set of data occur with the greatest frequency. For instance, in Exercise 9 on page B4, you are asked to construct a frequency distribution and a histogram of employees’ monthly salary contributions to a retirement plan. Test Scores 93, 70, 76, 58, 86, 93, 82, 78, 83, 86, 64, 78, 76, 66, 83, 83, 96, 74, 69, 76, 64, 74, 79, 76, 88, 76, 81, 82, 74, 70 B1 Concepts in Statistics Line Plots Statistics is the branch of mathematics that studies techniques for collecting, organizing, and interpreting data. In this section, you will study several ways to organize data. The first is a line plot, which uses a portion of a real number line to order numbers. Line plots are especially useful for ordering small sets of numbers (about 50 or less) by hand. Example 1 Leaves 8 4469 0044466666889 122333668 336 Constructing a Line Plot Use a line plot to organize the following test scores. Which number occurs with the greatest frequency? 93, 70, 76, 67, 86, 93, 82, 78, 83, 86, 64, 78, 76, 66, 83, 83, 96, 74, 69, 76, 64, 74, 79, 76, 88, 76, 81, 82, 74, 70 Solution Begin by scanning the data to find the smallest and largest numbers. For this data, the smallest number is 64 and the largest is 96. Next, draw a portion of a real number line that includes the interval 64, 96. To create the line plot, start with the first number, 93, and enter an above 93 on the number line. Continue recording ’s for each number in the list until you obtain the line plot shown in Figure B.1. From the line plot, you can see that 76 had the greatest frequency. × × × ×× ×× 65 70 × × × × × × × × ×× × × ×× ××× 75 80 × × × 85 × × 90 × 95 100 Test scores FIGURE Stems 5 6 7 8 9 Representing Data Representing Data • How to use line plots to order and analyze data • How to use stem-and-leaf plots to organize and compare data • How to use histograms to represent frequency distributions B.1 Stem-and-Leaf Plots Another type of plot that can be used to organize sets of numbers by hand is a stem-and-leaf plot. A set of test scores and the corresponding stem-and-leaf plot are shown at the left. Larson/Hostetler/Edwards - Precalculus 6th Edition. B2 Appendix B Concepts in Statistics Note that the leaves represent the units digits of the numbers and the stems represent the tens digits. Stem-and-leaf plots can also be used to compare two sets of data, as shown in the following example. Example 2 AK AL AR AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA HI IA ID IL IN KS KY LA MA MD ME MI MN MO MS 5.7 13.0 14.0 13.0 10.6 9.7 13.8 12.2 13.0 17.6 9.6 13.3 14.9 11.3 12.1 12.4 13.3 12.5 11.6 13.5 11.3 14.4 12.3 12.1 13.5 12.1 MT NC ND NE NH NJ NM NV NY OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VA VT WA WI WV WY 13.4 12.0 14.7 13.6 12.0 13.2 11.7 11.0 12.9 13.3 13.2 12.8 15.6 14.5 12.1 14.3 12.4 9.9 8.5 11.2 12.7 11.2 13.1 15.3 11.7 Use a stem-and-leaf plot to compare the test scores given on the previous page with the following test scores. Which set of test scores is better? 90, 81, 70, 62, 64, 73, 81, 92, 73, 81, 92, 93, 83, 75, 76, 83, 94, 96, 86, 77, 77, 86, 96, 86, 77, 86, 87, 87, 79, 88 Solution Begin by ordering the second set of scores. 62, 64, 70, 73, 73, 75, 76, 77, 77, 77, 79, 81, 81, 81, 83, 83, 86, 86, 86, 86, 87, 87, 88, 90, 92, 92, 93, 94, 96, 96 Now that the data has been ordered, you can construct a double stem-and-leaf plot by letting the leaves to the right of the stems represent the units digits for the first group of test scores and letting the leaves to the left of the stems represent the units digits for the second group of test scores. Leaves (2nd Group) 42 977765330 877666633111 6643220 Leaves 7 Stems 5 6 7 8 9 Leaves (1st Group) 8 4469 0044466666889 122333668 336 By comparing the two sets of leaves, you can see that the second group of test scores is better than the first group. Example 3 Stems 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Comparing Two Sets of Data Using a Stem-and-Leaf Plot The table at the left above shows the percent of the population of each state and the District of Columbia that was at least 65 years old in 2000. Use a stem-and-leaf plot to organize the data. (Source: U.S. Census Bureau) Solution 5 679 Begin by ordering the numbers, as shown below. 6 5.7, 8.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.9, 10.6, 11.0, 11.2, 11.2, 11.3, 11.3, 11.6, 11.7, 12.0, 0223367 12.0, 12.1, 12.1, 12.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.4, 12.5, 12.7, 12.8, 12.9, 00111123445789 13.0, 13.0, 13.0, 13.1, 13.2, 13.2, 13.3, 13.3, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 13.5, 13.6, 000122333455678 13.7, 13.8, 14.0, 14.3, 14.4, 14.5, 14.7, 14.9, 15.3, 15.6, 17.6 034579 Next construct the stem-and-leaf plot using the leaves to represent the digits to 36 the right of the decimal points, as shown at the left. From the stem-and-leaf plot, you can see that Alaska has the lowest percent and Florida has the highest 6 percent. Larson/Hostetler/Edwards - Precalculus 6th Edition. Section B.1 Representing Data B3 Histograms and Frequency Distributions 7, 9 | 9, 11 |||| 11, 13 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 13, 15 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Number of states With data such as that given in Example 3, it is useful to group the numbers into intervals and plot the frequency of the data in each interval. For instance, the frequency distribution and histogram shown in Figure B.2 represent the data given in Example 3. Frequency Distribution Histogram Interval Tally | 5, 7 20 15 10 5 15, 17 | | 5 17, 19 | 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 Percent of population 65 or older FIGURE B.2 A histogram has a portion of a real number line as its horizontal axis. A histogram is similar to a bar graph, except that the rectangles (bars) in a bar graph can be either horizontal or vertical and the labels of the bars are not necessarily numbers. Another difference between a bar graph and a histogram is that the bars in a bar graph are usually separated by spaces, whereas the bars in a histogram are not separated by spaces. Number of sales representatives Interval 100–109 110–119 120–129 130–139 140–149 150–159 160–169 170–179 180–189 190–199 Tally |||| ||| | ||| ||| |||| || |||| |||| ||| |||| | || |||| Example 4 A company has 48 sales representatives who sold the following numbers of units during the first quarter of 2003. Construct a grouped frequency distribution for this data. 107 105 150 109 171 153 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 160 Units sold B.3 162 193 153 171 163 107 184 167 164 150 118 124 170 149 167 138 142 162 177 195 171 100 107 192 102 127 163 164 144 134 145 193 141 147 100 187 141 191 129 153 132 177 Solution 100 120 140 FIGURE Constructing a Histogram 180 200 To begin constructing a grouped frequency distribution, you must first decide on the number of groups. There are several ways to group this data. However, because the smallest number is 100 and the largest is 195, it seems that 10 groups of 10 each would be appropriate. The first group would be 100–109, the second group would be 110–119, and so on. By tallying the data into the 10 groups, you obtain the distribution shown at the left above. A histogram for the distribution is shown in Figure B.3. Larson/Hostetler/Edwards - Precalculus 6th Edition. B4 Appendix B Concepts in Statistics B.1 Exercises 1. Gasoline Prices The line plot shows a sample of prices of unleaded regular gasoline from 25 different cities. × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × 0.989 1.009 1.029 1.049 1.069 1.089 1.109 1.129 1.149 1.169 1.189 (a) What price occurred with the greatest frequency? (b) What is the range of prices? 2. Agriculture The line plot shows the weights (to the nearest hundred pounds) of 30 head of cattle sold by a rancher. × × 600 × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × 800 × × × × × × × × × × 1000 1200 × × 1400 (a) What weight occurred with the greatest frequency? (b) What is the range of weights? Quiz and Exam Scores In Exercises 3–6, use the following scores from a math class of 30 students. The scores are for two 25-point quizzes and two 100-point exams. Quiz #1 20, 15, 14, 20, 16, 19, 10, 21, 24, 15, 15, 14, 15, 21, 19, 15, 20, 18, 18, 22, 18, 16, 18, 19, 21, 19, 16, 20, 14, 12 Quiz #2 22, 22, 23, 22, 21, 24, 22, 19, 21, 23, 23, 25, 24, 22, 22, 23, 23, 23, 23, 22, 24, 23, 22, 24, 21, 24, 16, 21, 16, 14 Exam #1 77, 100, 77, 70, 83, 89, 87, 85, 81, 84, 81, 78, 89, 78, 88, 85, 90, 92, 75, 81, 85, 100, 98, 81, 78, 75, 85, 89, 82, 75 Exam #2 76, 78, 73, 59, 70, 81, 71, 66, 66, 73, 68, 67, 63, 67, 77, 84, 87, 71, 78, 78, 90, 80, 77, 70, 80, 64, 74, 68, 68, 68 3. Construct a line plot for each quiz. For each quiz, which score occurred with the greatest frequency? 4. Construct a line plot for each exam. For each exam, which score occurred with the greatest frequency? 5. Construct a stem-and-leaf plot for Exam #1. 6. Construct a double stem-and-leaf plot to compare the scores for Exam #1 and Exam #2. Which set of scores is higher? 7. Insurance The table shows the total numbers of persons (in thousands) without health insurance coverage in the 50 states and the District of Columbia in 2000. Use a stem-and-leaf plot to organize the data. (Source: U.S. Census Bureau) AK CO GA IN MD MS NH OH SC VA WY 125 563 1135 701 501 364 85 1255 448 886 70 AL CT HI KS ME MT NJ OK SD VT 600 263 117 301 145 162 1049 636 82 67 AR DC IA KY MI NC NM OR TN WA 364 73 248 513 982 980 427 465 577 780 AZ DE ID LA MN ND NV PA TX WI 793 82 196 810 430 69 311 905 4425 386 CA FL IL MA MO NE NY RI UT WV 6281 2620 1659 595 586 164 2802 55 296 254 8. Meteorology The data shows the seasonal snowfall (in inches) at Lincoln, Nebraska for the years 1972 through 2001 (the amounts are listed in order by year). How would you organize this data? Explain your reasoning. (Source: University of Nebraska–Lincoln) 29.2, 33.6, 42.1, 21.1, 21.8, 31.0, 34.4, 23.3, 13.0, 32.3, 38.0, 47.5, 21.5, 18.9, 15.7, 13.0, 19.1, 18.7, 25.8, 23.8, 32.1, 21.3, 21.8, 30.7, 29.0, 44.6, 24.4, 11.9, 37.9, 29.5 9. Retirement Contributions The employees of a company must contribute 7% of their monthly salaries to a company-sponsored retirement plan. The contributed amounts (in dollars) for the company’s 35 employees are as follows. 100, 200, 130, 136, 161, 156, 209, 126, 135, 98, 114, 117, 168, 133, 140, 124, 172, 127, 143, 157, 124, 152, 104, 126, 155, 92, 194, 115, 120, 136, 148, 112, 116, 146, 96 (a) Construct a frequency distribution using groups of 20. The first group should be 90–109. (b) Construct a histogram for this frequency distribution. Larson/Hostetler/Edwards - Precalculus 6th Edition. Section B.2 B.2 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion B5 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion What you should learn • How to find and interpret the mean, median, and mode of a set of data • How to determine the measure of central tendency that best represents a set of data • How to find the standard deviation of a set of data • How to create and use box-and-whisker plots Why you should learn it Measures of central tendency and dispersion provide a convenient way to describe and compare sets of data. For instance, in Exercise 36 on page B13, the mean and standard deviation are used to analyze the price of gold for the years 1981 through 2000. Mean, Median, and Mode In many real-life situations, it is helpful to describe data by a single number that is most representative of the entire collection of numbers. Such a number is called a measure of central tendency. The most commonly used measures are as follows. 1. The mean, or average, of n numbers is the sum of the numbers divided by n. 2. The median of n numbers is the middle number when the numbers are written in order. If n is even, the median is the average of the two middle numbers. 3. The mode of n numbers is the number that occurs most frequently. If two numbers tie for most frequent occurrence, the collection has two modes and is called bimodal. Example 1 Comparing Measures of Central Tendency On an interview for a job, the interviewer tells you that the average annual income of the company’s 25 employees is $60,849. The actual annual incomes of the 25 employees are shown below. What are the mean, median, and mode of the incomes? Was the person telling you the truth? $17,305, $478,320, $45,678, $18,980, $17,408, $25,676, $28,906, $12,500, $24,540, $33,450, $12,500, $33,855, $37,450, $20,432, $28,956, $34,983, $36,540, $250,921, $36,853, $16,430, $32,654, $98,213, $48,980, $94,024, $35,671 Solution The mean of the incomes is 17,305 478,320 45,678 18,980 . . . 35,671 25 1,521,225 $60,849. 25 Mean To find the median, order the incomes as follows. $12,500, $12,500, $16,430, $17,305, $18,980, $20,432, $24,540, $25,676, $28,956, $32,654, $33,450, $33,855, $35,671, $36,540, $36,853, $37,450, $48,980, $94,024, $98,213, $250,921, $17,408, $28,906, $34,983, $45,678, $478,320 From this list, you can see that the median (the middle number) is $33,450. From the same list, you can see that $12,500 is the only income that occurs more than once. So, the mode is $12,500. Technically, the person was telling the truth because the average is (generally) defined to be the mean. However, of the three measures of central tendency Mean: $60,849 Median: $33,450 Mode: $12,500 it seems clear that the median is most representative. The mean is inflated by the two highest salaries. Larson/Hostetler/Edwards - Precalculus 6th Edition. B6 Appendix B Concepts in Statistics Choosing a Measure of Central Tendency Which of the three measures of central tendency is the most representative? The answer is that it depends on the distribution of the data and the way in which you plan to use the data. For instance, in Example 1, the mean salary of $60,849 does not seem very representative to a potential employee. To a city income tax collector who wants to estimate 1% of the total income of the 25 employees, however, the mean is precisely the right measure. Example 2 Choosing a Measure of Central Tendency Which measure of central tendency is the most representative of the data shown in each frequency distribution? a. Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Tally 7 20 15 11 8 3 2 0 15 b. Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Tally 9 8 7 6 5 6 7 8 9 c. Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Tally 6 1 2 3 5 5 4 3 0 Solution a. For this data, the mean is 4.23, the median is 3, and the mode is 2. Of these, the mode is probably the most representative. b. For this data, the mean and median are each 5 and the modes are 1 and 9 (the distribution is bimodal). Of these, the mean or median is the most representative. c. For this data, the mean is 4.59, the median is 5, and the mode is 1. Of these, the mean or median is the most representative. Variance and Standard Deviation Very different sets of numbers can have the same mean. You will now study two measures of dispersion, which give you an idea of how much the numbers in a set differ from the mean of the set. These two measures are called the variance of the set and the standard deviation of the set. Definitions of Variance and Standard Deviation Consider a set of numbers x1, x2, . . . , xn with a mean of x. The variance of the set is x x 2 x2 x2 . . . xn x2 v 1 n and the standard deviation of the set is v ( is the lowercase Greek letter sigma). Larson/Hostetler/Edwards - Precalculus 6th Edition. Section B.2 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion B7 The standard deviation of a set is a measure of how much a typical number in the set differs from the mean. The greater the standard deviation, the more the numbers in the set vary from the mean. For instance, each of the following sets has a mean of 5. 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 6, 6, and 3, 3, 7, 7 The standard deviations of the sets are 0, 1, and 2. 1 5 52 5 52 5 52 5 52 4 0 2 4 5 2 4 52 6 52 6 52 4 1 3 3 5 2 3 52 7 52 7 52 4 2 Example 3 Estimations of Standard Deviation Consider the three sets of data represented by the bar graphs in Figure B.4. Which set has the smallest standard deviation? Which has the largest? Se t A Set B Set C 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 FIGURE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 B.4 Solution Of the three sets, the numbers in set A are grouped most closely to the center and the numbers in set C are the most dispersed. So, set A has the smallest standard deviation and set C has the largest standard deviation. Larson/Hostetler/Edwards - Precalculus 6th Edition. B8 Appendix B Concepts in Statistics Example 4 Finding Standard Deviation Find the standard deviation of each set shown in Example 3. Solution Because of the symmetry of each bar graph, you can conclude that each has a mean of x 4. The standard deviation of set A is (32 222 312 502 312 222 32 17 1.53. The standard deviation of set B is 23 2 222 212 202 212 222 232 14 2. The standard deviation of set C is 53 2 422 312 202 312 422 532 26 2.22. These values confirm the results of Example 3. That is, set A has the smallest standard deviation and set C has the largest. The following alternative formula provides a more efficient way to compute the standard deviation. Alternative Formula for Standard Deviation The standard deviation of x1, x2, . . . , xn is x 2 1 x22 . . . xn2 x 2. n Because of messy computations, this formula is difficult to verify. Conceptually, however, the process is straightforward. It consists of showing that the expressions x1 x2 x2 x2 . . . xn x2 n and x 2 1 x22 . . . x n2 x2 n are equivalent. Try verifying this equivalence for the set x1, x2, x3 with x x1 x2 x33. Larson/Hostetler/Edwards - Precalculus 6th Edition. Section B.2 17 109 83 61 395 67 35 12 6 203 154 22 115 42 198 111 131 105 122 79 49 37 145 134 118 96 MT NC ND NE NH NJ NM NV NY OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VA VT WA WI WV WY 53 114 41 85 28 81 36 22 218 167 109 59 210 11 64 48 121 408 42 89 14 86 123 58 23 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion B9 Using the Alternative Formula Use the alternative formula for standard deviation to find the standard deviation of the following set of numbers. 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10 Solution Begin by finding the mean of the set, which is 7.4. So, the standard deviation is 5 26 27 10 38 9 568 54.76 10 2 2 2 2 2 102 7.42 2.04 1.43. You can use the statistical features of a graphing utility to check this result. A well-known theorem in statistics, called Chebychev’s Theorem, states that at least 1 1 2 k of the numbers in a distribution must lie within k standard deviations of the mean. So, 75% of the numbers in a set must lie within two standard deviations of the mean, and at least 88.9% of the numbers must lie within three standard deviations of the mean. For most distributions, these percentages are low. For instance, in all three distributions shown in Example 3, 100% of the numbers lie within two standard deviations of the mean. Describing a Distribution The table at the left above shows the number of hospitals (in thousands) in each state and the District of Columbia in 1999. Find the mean and standard deviation of the numbers. What percent of the numbers lie within two standard deviations of the mean? (Source: Health Forum) Solution Begin by entering the numbers into a graphing utility that has a standard deviation program. After running the program, you should obtain x 97.18 Number of hospitals (in thousands) FIGURE Example 5 Example 6 0 - 49 50 - 99 100 - 149 150 - 199 200 - 249 250 - 299 300 - 349 350 - 399 400 - 499 Number of states AK AL AR AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA HI IA ID IL IN KS KY LA MA MD ME MI MN MO MS B.5 and 81.99. The interval that contains all numbers that lie within two standard deviations of the mean is 97.18 281.99, 97.18 281.99 or 66.80, 261.16. From the histogram in Figure B.5, you can see that all but two of the numbers (96%) lie in this interval—all but the numbers that correspond to the number of hospitals (in thousands) in California and Texas. Larson/Hostetler/Edwards - Precalculus 6th Edition. B10 Appendix B Concepts in Statistics Box-and-Whisker Plots Standard deviation is the measure of dispersion that is associated with the mean. Quartiles measure dispersion associated with the median. Definition of Quartiles Consider an ordered set of numbers whose median is m. The lower quartile is the median of the numbers that occur before m. The upper quartile is the median of the numbers that occur after m. Example 7 Finding Quartiles of a Set Find the lower and upper quartiles for the set. 34, 14, 24, 16, 12, 18, 20, 24, 16, 26, 13, 27 Solution Begin by ordering the set. 12, 13, 14, 16, 16, 18, 20, 24, 24, 26, 27, 34 1st 25% 2nd 25% 3rd 25% 4th 25% The median of the entire set is 19. The median of the six numbers that are less than 19 is 15. So, the lower quartile is 15. The median of the six numbers that are greater than 19 is 25. So, the upper quartile is 25. Quartiles are represented graphically by a box-and-whisker plot, as shown in Figure B.6. In the plot, notice that five numbers are listed: the smallest number, the lower quartile, the median, the upper quartile, and the largest number. Also notice that the numbers are spaced proportionally, as though they were on a real number line. 12 FIGURE 15 19 25 34 B.6 The next example shows how to find quartiles when the number of elements in a set is not divisible by 4. Larson/Hostetler/Edwards - Precalculus 6th Edition. Section B.2 Example 8 B11 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion Sketching Box-and-Whisker Plots Sketch a box-and-whisker plot for each set. a. 27, 28, 30, 42, 45, 50, 50, 61, 62, 64, 66 b. 82, 82, 83, 85, 87, 89, 90, 94, 95, 95, 96, 98, 99 c. 11, 13, 13, 15, 17, 18, 20, 24, 24, 27 Solution a. This set has 11 numbers. The median is 50 (the sixth number). The lower quartile is 30 (the median of the first five numbers). The upper quartile is 62 (the median of the last five numbers). See Figure B.7. 27 30 FIGURE B.7 50 62 66 b. This set has 13 numbers. The median is 90 (the seventh number). The lower quartile is 84 (the median of the first six numbers). The upper quartile is 95.5 (the median of the last six numbers). See Figure B.8. 82 FIGURE 84 90 95.5 99 B.8 c. This set has 10 numbers. The median is 17.5 (the average of the fifth and sixth numbers). The lower quartile is 13 (the median of the first five numbers). The upper quartile is 24 (the median of the last five numbers). See Figure B.9. 11 FIGURE 13 17.5 24 27 B.9 B.2 Exercises In Exercises 1–6, find the mean, median, and mode of the set of measurements. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 5, 12, 7, 14, 8, 9, 7 30, 37, 32, 39, 33, 34, 32 5, 12, 7, 24, 8, 9, 7 20, 37, 32, 39, 33, 34, 32 5, 12, 7, 14, 9, 7 30, 37, 32, 39, 34, 32 7. Reasoning Compare your answers for Exercises 1 and 3 with those for Exercises 2 and 4. Which of the measures of central tendency is sensitive to extreme measurements? Explain your reasoning. 8. Reasoning (a) Add 6 to each measurement in Exercise 1 and calculate the mean, median, and mode of the revised measurements. How are the measures of central tendency changed? (b) If a constant k is added to each measurement in a set of data, how will the measures of central tendency change? Larson/Hostetler/Edwards - Precalculus 6th Edition. B12 Appendix B Concepts in Statistics 9. Electric Bills A person had the following monthly bills for electricity. What are the mean and median of the collection of bills? January $67.92 February $59.84 March $52.00 April $52.50 May $57.99 June $65.35 July $81.76 August $74.98 September $87.82 October $83.18 November $65.35 December $57.00 10. Car Rental A car rental company kept the following record of the numbers of miles a rental car was driven. What are the mean, median, and mode of this data? Monday 410 Tuesday 260 Wednesday 320 Thursday 320 Friday 460 Saturday 150 11. Six-Child Families A study was done on families having six children. The table shows the numbers of families in the study with the indicated numbers of girls. Determine the mean, median, and mode of this set of data. Number of girls 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Frequency 1 24 45 54 50 19 7 12. Sports A baseball fan examined the records of a favorite baseball player’s performance during his last 50 games. The numbers of games in which the player had 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hits are recorded in the table. Number of hits 0 1 2 3 4 Frequency 14 26 7 2 1 (a) Determine the average number of hits per game. (b) Determine the player’s batting average if he had 200 at-bats during the 50-game series. 13. Think About It Construct a collection of numbers that has the following properties. If this is not possible, explain why it is not. Mean 6, median 4, mode 4 14. Think About It Construct a collection of numbers that has the following properties. If this is not possible, explain why it is not. 15. Test Scores A professor records the following scores for a 100-point exam. 99, 64, 80, 77, 59, 72, 87, 79, 92, 88, 90, 42, 20, 89, 42, 100, 98, 84, 78, 91 Which measure of central tendency best describes these test scores? 16. Shoe Sales A salesman sold eight pairs of men’s black dress shoes. The sizes of the eight pairs were as follows: 1012, 8, 12, 1012, 10, 912, 11, and 1012. Which measure (or measures) of central tendency best describes the typical shoe size for this data? In Exercises 17–24, find the mean x , variance v, and standard deviation of the set. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 4, 10, 8, 2 3, 15, 6, 9, 2 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 1, 1, 1, 5, 5, 5 49, 62, 40, 29, 32, 70 1.5, 0.4, 2.1, 0.7, 0.8 In Exercises 25–30, use the alternative formula to find the standard deviation of the set. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 2, 4, 6, 6, 13, 5 10, 25, 50, 26, 15, 33, 29, 4 246, 336, 473, 167, 219, 359 6.0, 9.1, 4.4, 8.7, 10.4 8.1, 6.9, 3.7, 4.2, 6.1 9.0, 7.5, 3.3, 7.4, 6.0 In Exercises 31 and 32, line plots of sets of data are given. Determine the mean and standard deviation of each set. 31. (a) (b) × × × 8 10 × × × 16 18 (c) × 8 Mean 6, median 6, mode 4 12 20 × × 10 (d) × 4 6 × × × × × 14 16 × × × 22 24 × 12 14 × × × × 8 10 16 × 12 Larson/Hostetler/Edwards - Precalculus 6th Edition. Section B.2 × × × 32. (a) × × 12 (b) 14 × × × × × 12 (c) × × 14 22 × × × (d) 16 16 × 24 × × 2 × × 18 × × × 26 × × 4 6 In Exercises 39–42, sketch a box-and-whisker plot for the data without the aid of a graphing utility. 28 × × × × × × 8 6 5 5 Frequency Frequency 33. Reasoning Without calculating the standard deviation, explain why the set 4, 4, 20, 20 has a standard deviation of 8. 34. Reasoning If the standard deviation of a set of numbers is 0, what does this imply about the set? 35. Test Scores An instructor adds five points to each student’s exam score. Will this change the mean or standard deviation of the exam scores? Explain. 36. Price of Gold The following data represents the average prices of gold (in dollars per fine ounce) for the years 1981 to 2000. Use a computer or graphing utility to find the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the data. What percent of the data lies within two standard deviations of the mean? (Source: U.S. Bureau of Mines and U.S. Geological Survey) 460, 376, 424, 361, 318, 368, 478, 438, 383, 385, 363, 345, 361, 385, 386, 389, 332, 295, 280, 280 37. Think About It The histograms represent the test scores of two classes of a college course in mathematics. Which histogram has the smaller standard deviation? 6 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 86 90 94 Score 98 B13 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion 38. Test Scores The scores of a mathematics exam given to 600 science and engineering students at a college had a mean and standard deviation of 235 and 28, respectively. Use Chebychev’s Theorem to determine the intervals containing at least 43 and at 8 least 9 of the scores. How would the intervals change if the standard deviation were 16? 18 × × × × × × × × × × × × × 84 88 92 96 Score 39. 40. 41. 42. 23, 15, 14, 23, 13, 14, 13, 20, 12 11, 10, 11, 14, 17, 16, 14, 11, 8, 14, 20 46, 48, 48, 50, 52, 47, 51, 47, 49, 53 25, 20, 22, 28, 24, 28, 25, 19, 27, 29, 28, 21 In Exercises 43–46, use a graphing utility to create a box-and-whisker plot for the data. 43. 19, 12, 14, 9, 14, 15, 17, 13, 19, 11, 10, 19 44. 9, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 12, 7, 10, 7, 11, 8, 9, 9 45. 20.1, 43.4, 34.9, 23.9, 33.5, 24.1, 22.5, 42.4, 25.7, 17.4, 23.8, 33.3, 17.3, 36.4, 21.8 46. 78.4, 76.3, 107.5, 78.5, 93.2, 90.3, 77.8, 37.1, 97.1, 75.5, 58.8, 65.6 47. Product Lifetime A company has redesigned a product in an attempt to increase the lifetime of the product. The two sets of data list the lifetimes (in months) of 20 units with the original design and 20 units with the new design. Create a box-and-whisker plot for each set of data, and then comment on the differences between the plots. Original Design 15.1 78.3 27.2 12.5 53.0 13.5 10.8 38.3 56.3 42.7 11.0 85.1 68.9 72.7 18.4 10.0 30.6 20.2 85.2 12.6 New Design 55.8 71.5 37.2 60.0 46.7 31.1 54.0 23.2 25.6 35.3 67.9 45.5 19.0 18.9 23.5 24.8 23.1 80.5 99.5 87.8