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Thinner,
less dense
/lighter
Restless
Earth
made up of alternating
layers of lava and ash.
Eruptions are explosive/
pyroclastic, hot steam,
ash, rock and dust
Topic 1
Thicker,
less dense
/lighter
Plates pushing together
They are low, with gently sloping sides.
They are formed by eruptions of thin, runny lava.
Eruptions tend to be frequent but relatively gentle
Plates pulling apart
Plates
rubbing
past each
other
Destructive plate boundary
Destructive plate boundary
Continental and Continental plates
push together – creating fold
mountains
Oceanic plate and Continental plates
push together, creating volcanoes
Example: Nazca and South American
plates
Constructive plate boundary
Plates pull apart creating volcanoes and earthquakes
EXAMPLE: Eurasian and North American Plates
Conservative Plate Boundary
Plates push past each
other.
They can be traveling in
different directions
Or in the same direction
but one is faster than
the other.
Cause Earthquakes
Example north
American plate and the
pacific plate
Plate boundaries
Constructive Plate Boundary
Destructive Plate Boundary
Conservative Plate Boundary
The structure of the earth
What are the layers of the earth
How hot are they
Are they solid or liquid
4 layers
• The inner core is in the centre and is the
hottest part of the Earth. It is solid and
made up of iron and nickel with
temperatures of up to 5,500°C. With its
immense heat energy, the inner core is like
the engine room of the Earth.
•
The outer core is the layer surrounding the
inner core. It is a liquid layer, also made up
of iron and nickel. It is still extremely hot,
with temperatures similar to the inner
core.
•
The mantle is the widest section of the
Earth. It has a diameter of approximately
2,900 km. The mantle is made up of semimolten rock called magma. In the upper
parts of the mantle the rock is hard, but
lower down the rock is soft and beginning
to melt.
•
The crust is the outer layer of the earth. It
is a thin layer between 0-60 km thick. The
crust is the solid rock layer upon which we
live.
Shield Volcanoe
They are low, with gently sloping sides.
They are formed by eruptions of thin, runny lava.
Eruptions tend to be frequent but relatively gentle
Example: Hawaii
Composite volcano
Composite Volcanoes are made up of
alternating layers of lava and ash.
Eruptions are explosive/ pyroclastic,
hot steam, ash, rock and dust
Example: Mount Pinatubo Philippines
Earthquake
Movement of ground cases by
release of energy from a sudden
shift of rocks in the earths crust
Epicentre
The point below Earths
surface where movement of
rock produces an earthquake
Focus
• The point below earth’s surface
where movement of rock
produces a earthquake
Aftershock
A smaller earthquake that
occurs after a larger
earthquake
Magnitude
The measurement of the total
strength or amount of energy
release by an earthquake
Richter scale
A measurement of the magnitude of an earthquake based on
the readings of a seismography. It ranges from 0-9.
(each number represents a 10 fold increase in ground
motion)