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General Information
I. Basics
A. Zoology is the study of the entire animal kingdom (zo- {New
Latin} = animal; -ology = study of, knowledge)
B. Zoology is a subset of biology
C. One of the broadest fields in all of science
20,000 known species of bony fishes
300,000 known species of beetles
II. The Commonality of Living Things
A. All are composed of cells (animals are multicellular,
heterotrophic organisms)
1. Cell Theory is a basic tenet of biology. The cell
theory states that:
a) all living things are composed of cells
b) the cell is the fundamental unit of life
c) all cells in our modern atmosphere and conditions
must come from pre-existing cells (“omni cellula a
cellula” ….Virchow)
B. Genetic Unity
1. All organisms contain heredity information in the same
molecule, a nucleic acid called DNA
2. The DNA of living organisms is remarkably similar. The
more closely related two organisms are to each other, the
more similar is their DNA
3. The DNA is not only the reason of the genetic continuity
of organisms, but it is also the source of genetic and physical
diversity through the process of mutation
C. Organisms share a common genetic history – it is termed the
evolution of the species
1. Evolution is the unifying theory of biology
2. Evidences for evolution:
a) diversity of living and extinct species (currently it is
estimated that there is anywhere between 4 to 30 million
different species existing today; millions of other species
have gone extinct since life began)
b) Fossil record…study of paleontology
c) Comparative embryology (“ontogeny recapitulates
phylogeny”) – the embryonic development of an organism
mirrors somewhat its evolutionary history
d) Study of DNA and its relatedness between species
e) Molecular biology and the study of proteins in organisms
f) Biogeography – the study of the distribution of plants,
animals, and fossils throughout the world (Nearctic, Neotropical,
Palearctic, Oriental, Australian, Ethiopian)
g) Comparative Anatomy
1) homologous structures – structures that are alike
anatomically, but function differently
2) analogous structures – structures that have different
developmental and anatomical origins, but function similarly
(convergent evolution)
3) vestigial structures – anatomical structures that were useful
during some time in the species history, but no longer are
functional
D. Organisms share same environmental pressures
1. Organisms must adapt to existing surrounding conditions or
face extinction
2. Ecological problems
a)
Pollution of air and water sources
b)
Human overpopulation
c)
Loss of habitat
d)
Global warming issues from human activities
e)
Over fishing and over hunting
f)
Use of non-renewable fuels (oil, coal, petroleum)
g)
Decline of rainforests
III. Components of Zoology
A. Specialties or sub-disciplines
1.
Study of fish – ichthyology
2.
Study of birds – ornithology
3.
Study of insects – entomology
4.
Study of reptiles and amphibians – herpetology
5.
Study of mammals – mammalogy
6.
Study of mollusks – malacology
7.
Study of spiders – arachnology
8.
Study of one-celled animals –protozoology
9.
Study of parasites – parasitology
• Taxonomy is the science of grouping
and naming organisms.
• Classification the grouping of
information or objects based on
similarities.
•We only know about a fraction of the
organisms that exist or have existed on Earth.
•Taxonomists give a unique scientific name to
each species they know about whether it’s alive
today or extinct.
• The scientific name comes from one of two
“dead” languages – Latin or ancient Greek.
Why use a dead language?
Devil Cat
Ghost Cat
Mountain Lion
Screaming Cat
Puma
Florida Panther
Cougar
•There are at least 50 common names for
the animal shown on the previous 7 slides.
•Common names vary according to region.
Binomial Nomenclature
•a two name system for writing scientific names.
•The genus name is written first (always Capitalized).
•The species name is written second (never capitalized).
•Both words are
italicized if typed or underlined if hand written.
Example: Felis concolor or F. concolor
Which is the genus? The species?
Categories within Kingdoms
Kingdoms are divided into groups called phyla
Phyla are subdivided into classes
Classes are subdivided into orders
Orders are subdivided into families
Families are divided into genera
Genera contain closely related species
Species is unique
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMALS:
1. MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS
2. CAPABILITY OF LOCOMOTION
3. MUST INJEST FOOD
Nine Animal Phyla
(8 PHYLA)
ALL LACK INTERNAL SKELETON, SOME HAVE
EXOSKELTON OR SHELL
INVERTEBRATES:
VERTEBRATES (CHORDATES): (1 phylum)
INTERNAL SKELTON MADE OF BONE/ CARTILAGE
Characteristics of Animals
1. Multicellular, eukaryotes
2. Heterotrophs
3. Cells w/out cell walls, many have specialized
functions
4. Usually have a method of movement
5. Most reproduce sexually
6. Require oxygen
Describe the Body Plans of Animals
1. Symmetry: balance in body proportions
a. Asymmetrical:have irregularly shaped
bodies, no symmetry
b. Radial symmetry: can be divided along any
plane to produce 2 halves which look alike
c. Bilateral: can be divided only one way to
produce mirror image halves
Radial
Bilateral Symmetry
Posterior end
Dorsal
Ventral
Planes of
symmetry
Anterior end
Planes of
Symmetry
– Phylum Porifera
– Phylum Cnidaria
– Phylum Platyhelminthes
– Phylum Nematoda
– Phylum Annelida
– Phylum Mollusca
– Phylum Echinodermata
– Phylum Arthropoda
– Phylum Chordata
1. PORIFERA:
SIMPLEST ANIMALS
NO TISSUE LAYERS
EXAMPLES: SPONGES
2. CNIDARIA
HOLLOW BODY
HAVE STINGING CELLS
TWO BODY FORMS
MEDUSA & POLYP
EXAMPLES:
CORAL, JELLYFISH,
SEA ANEMONE
3. PLATYHELMINTHES:
EXAMPLES:
PLANARIA, FLUKE, TAPEWORM
UNSEGMENTED WORMS
FLAT WORMS
4. NEMATODA
UNSEGMENTED WORMS
ROUND WORMS
EXAMPLES: HOOKWORMS,
HEARTWORMS
5. ANNELIDA
SEGMENTED WORMS
MOST ADVANCED WORMS
EXAMPLES:
LEECH, EARTHWORMS
6. ARTHROPODA
SEGMENTED ANIMALS
EXOSKELETONS MADE OF CHITIN
CLASS CRUSTACEAN - MARINE
ORGANISMS
EXAMPLES:
SHRIMP,
LOBSTER,
CRAB,
BARNACLE
7. MOLLUSCA
SOME HAVE SHELL
UNSEGMENTED, SOFT BODIES
EXAMPLES:
SNAIL, SCALLOP
No Shells – Slugs, Squid, Octopus
8. ECHINODERMATA
“Spiny Skin”
ONLY LIVE IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT
EXAMPLES: SEA URCHIN,
SEASTAR, BRITTLE STAR
CHORDATA
All have Nerve Cord, Notochord,
Post anal tail
Invertebrate Chordates ->Tunicates,
Lancelets
Vertebrate Chordates HAVE INTERNAL
SKELETON
FISH, REPTILES, BIRDS, AMPHIBIANS,
MAMMALS
Terms to Know
– Symmetry
Planes through which a body can be cut
and have mirror images.
– Asymmetry
– No Symmetry
– Radial
– Multiple Planes
– Bilateral
– 1 plane (midsagital plane)
Terms to Know
– Dorsal -Back
– Ventral -Belly
– Anterior -Head
– Posterior -Anus
– Proximal –Closer to midline
Terms to Know
– Distal –Further from midlin
– Transverse –Cross section
– Segment –Unit of the body that is
repeated
– Hydrostatic skeleton –fluid filled
structure that resists
compression and allows flexing
– Coelom –fulid filled cavity within a
body of an organism