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Biology
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Common Questions in biology

1.
2.
3.
4.
If you were researching dandelions what
division of biology would that involve?
Zoology
Microbiology
Genetics
Botany
Common Questions in biology

1.
2.
3.
4.
Which of the following organisms is
considered a mammal?
Bird
Shark
Whale
Ant
Common Questions in biology
What phase of mitosis
does the picture
show?
1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase
Common Questions in biology

1.
2.
3.
4.
Which process converts light energy into
chemical energy?
Photosynthesis
Chemosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Which of the following processes
involves the chloroplast?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cell division
Conversion of light energy to chemical
energy
Formation of reproductive cells
Stringing together amino acids
What is the basic unit of structure
and function of living things?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cell
Organ
Molecule
Organelle
Common Questions in biology
Which part of the skeleton is an example of a
ball and socket?
1. Knee
2. Hip
3. Elbow
4. Toe
Common Questions in biology

1.
2.
3.
4.
What is the class of a shark?
Chondrichthyes
Osteichthyes
Agnatha
Insecta
Common Questions in biology
Name the producer in the food chain below:
Grass > grasshopper > bird > snake
1. Grass
2. Grasshopper
3. Bird
4. snake
Common Questions in biology
Which part of the flower is considered the
male portion?
1. Pistil
2. Stigma
3. Stamen
4. ovary
Common Questions in biology
Which portion of the mushroom contains the
reproductive spores?
1. Stem
2. Gills
3. Roots
4. leaves
Sample question
Which branch of biology focuses on the study
of heredity?
1. Ecology
2. Genetics
3. Microbiology
4. Zoology
Sample question
The water you drink each day probably comes
from a municipal water supplier that
employs a biologist. What is the biologist
most likely to do that would affect the
quality of the water you drink?
1. Conduct tests to make sure there are no
harmful bacteria in the water.
2. Inspect water pipes to make sure there are
no cracks or leaks.
3. Design systems to make sure you have
enough water pressure.
4. Collect water samples from various places
to make sure the pH is the same throughout
the system.
Sample question
Which organelle helps to maintain
homeostasis within a multicellular
organism through the exchange of
materials with other nearby cells?
1. Cell membrane
2. Mitochondria
3. Nucleus
4. vacuole
Sample question
Which statement best describes active
transport?
1. Molecules move quickly across a
membrane
2. Energy is expended to move molecules
across a membrane.
3. More molecules move across a membrane
than in diffusion.
Pictures to recognize
Interphase and Mitosis
Pictures to recognize
Plant cell
Pictures to recognize
Animal cell
Food Web
Pictures to recognize
Parts of the flower
What is Biology?
The
study of living things
Five major divisions of
Biology
 Zoology
- animals
 Botany - plants
 Microbiology - microorganisms
 Genetics – hereditary info
 Ecology - ecosystem
Ecology
The
study of interactions
among organisms and
between organisms and their
environment
Why Ecology?
 To
understand the changes that
occur as a result of interactions
among organisms with
themselves and their
environment.
Ex. Hurricanes, Droughts, Forest
Fires, Marine invaders
Levels of Organization
 Species
(Individual)
 Populations
 Communities
 Ecosystem
 Biome
 Biosphere
Producers
Consumers
Decomposers
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
4 types of heterotrophs
Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores
Detritivores
What is a food chain?
>
>
What is a food web?
Community interactions
Mutualism (symbiosis)
 Commensalism (symbiosis)
 Parasitism (symbiosis)
 Predation (prey and predator)
 Competition

Ecological Succession
Primary succession- occurs on surfaces
where no land exists. Occurs after a
volcano eruption.
 Secondary succession- occurs when there
are major changes in the existing
community without removing the soil.
Occurs after a forest fire.

Major Biomes of the world
Tropical Rain forest
 Taiga (Boreal Forest)
 Tundra
 Desert
 Temperate Forest (Georgia)
 Temperate grasslands

What is considered living?
Anything
that has the ability
to nourish, grow, and
reproduce
What do we consider the basic
unit of life?
The cell
Cell Theory
The
cell is considered the
basic unit of life.
All living things contain at
least one cell.
Cells come from preexisting
cells
Two basic types of cells
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Pro “no”
No
true nucleus
No membrane-bound
organelles
No well-organized
membrane
Prokaryotes
Unicellular
Bacteria
(Monerans)
Eukaryotes
Eu “true”
True
nucleus
Well organized
membrane
Membrane – bound
organelles
Eukaryotes
Both
Unicellular and
Multicellular
Most plants and
animals and other
specialized organisms
Two types of Eukaryotic
Structures
Plant
cell
Animal cell
Plant cells
Cell
wall,
Plastids(contain
chloroplasts)
Oblong, rectangularshaped
Animal Cell
Circular,
round-shape
Centrioles
Organelles of the cell and function







Nucleus
Mitochondria
Golgi body
Ribosomes
Chloroplasts
Rough and smooth ER
Lysosomes




Cilia and flagella
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Centrioles
Functions of the cell
Homeostasis
membrane)
(cell
What is Homeostasis?
The
maintenance of a
constant, stable
environment internally
ex. Body temperature
How is this done?
Active
Transport
Passive Transport
Active Transport
Energy
 Endocytosispinocytosis,
phagocytosis
 Exocytosis
Passive Transport
Diffusion-
high to low
Osmosis- diffusion of
water
Osmosis
Otonic solution
Hyp
Hypertonic
solution
Isotonic solution
Plasmolysis
The
shrinking of the
plant cell away from
the cell wall.
Processes of the cell
Photosynthesis
 Cellular Respiration

Chemistry of the cell
Atoms>molecules>
macromolecules>
organelles>cell>tissue>
organs>systems>organism
Chemistry of the cell
Living
cells are made up
of six kinds of elements:
Carbon, Oxygen,
Hydrogen, Nitrogen,
Sulfur, Phosphorous
Photosynthesis (plants and
plant-like organisms only
Occurs in the chloroplast
Light energy converted
into chemical energy
Produce sugar and
oxygen

6H2O + 6CO2+light ----------> C6H12O6+ 6O2
Respiration (Plants, animals
and other organisms)
Occurs
in the
mitochondria
Breakdown of sugar to
produce energy.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
released
ATP – ADP cycle
ATP
> ADP + P +
Energy
Cell Reproduction or Cell division
Mitosis
 Meiosis

What is Mitosis?
The
period in
which the
cell divides.
What are the stages of
Mitosis?
P
rophase
 M etaphase
 A naphase
 T elophase
Prophase
 Chromosomes
thicken.
Nuclear
membrane
disintegrates
(disappears).
Metaphase
 Chromosomes
begin to line
up in the
center of the
cell.
Anaphase
 Chromatids
separate at
centromere and
migrate to
opposite poles.
“Tug of war”
Telophase
 Nuclear
membrane
reappears. The
cell divides.
Forms two new
identical
daughter cells.
What is Meiosis (Produces sex
cells)?

The process that produces haploid gametes
in diploid organisms. Cells produced only
contain ½ number of chromosomes.
What are the stages of Meiosis?
Meiosis I
 Prophase I
 Metaphase I
 Anaphase I
 Telophase I
Meiosis II
 Prophase II
 Metaphase II
 Anaphase II
 Telophase II
What is Genetics?

The study of hereditary information. The
study of genes.
What is probability?
 The
likelihood that a particular
event will occur. Just like
flipping a coin.
How is probability used by
geneticists?
 Probability
can be used to
predict the outcomes of genetic
crosses by determining
phenotypic and genotypic
probabilities.
What is a Genotype?
 The
combination of the alleles that
the individual inherits
 Tt – tall, short
 TT – tall, tall
 tt – short, short
What is a Phenotype?
 The
expression
or appearance
of the trait of
the allele
 Tall person
 Short person
How are Traits/ Alleles
characterized
 Homozygous-
TT or tt
 HeterozygousTt
Punnett Square
Tt x Tt
T t
T TT Tt
t Tt tt
DNA and RNA

AATC - DNA reading TTAG

AATC - RNA reading UUAG
Kingdoms
Monera – bacteria
 Protista – animal-like – amoeba,
paramecium; plant-like – algae; fungal-likeslime mold
 Fungi – yeast, mold, mushroom
 Plantae – plants
 Animalia - animals

Taxonomic categories
Broadest to most specific
Kingdom
 Phylum
 Class
 Order
 Family
 Genus
 species

Monera
Sometimes separated into Archaebacteria and
Eubacteria
 Prokaryotes
 Reproduce asexually through binary fission
 All bacteria
Protista
Eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular
organisms.
 Animal-like protists are motile

Fungi
Eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular
 Reproduce by spores

Plants

Eukaryotic, multicellular, sexual or asexual
reproduction
Gymnosperms – cone bearing
 Angiosperms – flower bearing

Animals
Eukaryotic, multicellular
 Sexual or asexual reproduction
 Most specialized
Mammals > monotremes-lay eggs; marsupials
– have pouch; placentals – develop placenta
during development
