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Chapter 4 Ecosystems and Communities 4.1 Climate Weather: Is the day-to-day conditions of Earth’s atmosphere. Climate: Average conditions over a long period of time. What is the climate and weather of Southern California? Solar Energy and the Greenhouse Effect All the carbon dioxide builds up in the Earth’s atmosphere, trapping heat. Greenhouse effect: Natural process that stops all sun’s heat from escaping rapidly back to space. Without the green house effect the Earth would be 30 C cooler. The Earth’s surface can be divided into different temperate zones based on lines of latitude. We have 3 different zones…. Tropics: Warmest temperature zone Polar zones: Coldest temperature zone Temperate zone: Seasonal changes. What zone do we live in? Temperate zone 4.2 Niches and Community Interactions Why does a crab live in the ocean? Why does a lion live in the Savanna? They are all adapted to live in certain places. Tolerance: The ability to survive and reproduce under a range of environmental circumstances. Habitat: General place where an organism lives. Niche Niche: Describes not only what an organism does, but also how it interacts with biotic and abiotic factors in the environment. It’s an organisms job. Resources: Any necessity of life, such as water, nutrients, light, food, or space. What is a plant’s niche? Photosynthesis and give us oxygen. What is your niche? Get good grades…etc If two people want the same job, what happens? If there is limited food, what will the two species do? Compete! Competitive exclusion: If two species are similar in their requirements that the same resource limits both species growth, one species may succeed over the other. Predation, Herbivory, and Keystone Species Predation: An interaction in which one animal (the predator) captures and feeds on another animal (the prey). Herbivory: An interaction in which one animal (the herbivore) feeds on producers (such as plants). We have a food chain with sea otters, sea urchins, and kelp. What would happen to the environment if the sea otters died off? Sea urchin population would increase, while the kelp would decrease. The sea otter would be considered the keystone specie. Keystone specie: Can cause dramatic changes in the structure of a community. Symbiosis What kind of people do you interact with? Friends Parents Teammates Teachers Coaches Boyfriend/Girlfriend What kind of relationships do you have with them? Story In terms of Gary and I, what kind of relationship did we have? +,- In terms of Nicole and I, what kind of relationship do we have? +,+ What kind of relationship do these organisms have? Human ___ Mosquito + What kind of relationship do these organisms have? Black billed Magpie + American Bison + Why does the tortoise have a neutral relationship while the rodent and frog are positive? Gopher Tortoise 0 Rodent + Frog + These reflect different levels of symbiosis. Symbiosis: When two species live closely together. There are three main classes of symbiotic relationships. Mutualism Parasitism Commensalism Symbiotic Relationships Parasitism: One organisms benefits, other is harmed. Mutualism: Both organisms benefit Commensalism: One organisms benefits, the other is neither harmed or benefited Parasitism Commensalism Mutualism 4.3 Succession Ecological Succession: Series of more-or-less predictable changes that occur in a community over time. Ecosystems change over time, especially after disturbances, as some species die out and new species move in. Primary succession: Area with no remnants of an older community. Pioneer species: The first species to colonize barren areas. Secondary succession: When disturbances damages an existing community but leaves soil intact. Primary Succession Succession Secondary Succession 1 Year Secondary Succession 5 years Secondary Succession 10 years Secondary Succession 25 years Secondary Succession 30 years Human Caused Disturbances What is happening to trees and forests? Deforestation: Clearing of forests for agriculture. 4.4 Biomes What do you think about when you hear California? What do you think about when you hear Antarctica? Biomes: Defined by abiotic factors like climate and soil type, and biotic factors like plant and animal life. Examples of Biomes Tropical Rainforest Tropical Dry Forest Tropical Grassland/Savanna/Shrubland Desert Temperate Grassland Temperate Woodland and Shrubland Temperate Forest Northwestern Coniferous Forest Boreal Forest Tundra Tropical Rainforest Warm temperatures, has the most biodiversity and rainfall. Tall trees form a dense, leafy covering called the canopy. Shorter trees form the understory. Tropical Grassland/Savanna/Shrubland Warm; seasonal rainfall; compact soils; frequent fires set by lightning. Migratory animals such as rhinos and elephants. Desert Least amount of precipitation. Undergo extreme daily temperature changes. Hot and cold. Cacti are adapted to store water. Temperate Grassland Fertile soils, warm and hot summers, cold winters, and occasional fires. Temperate Forest Deciduous trees: Plants that shed their leaves during a particular season. Coniferous trees: Produce seed-bearing cones. Cold winters, warm summers, year round precipitation. Boreal Forest (Taiga) Dense coniferous forests, winters are bitterly cold. Tundra Permafrost: Permanently frozen subsoil. Strong winds, low precipitation, long cold dark winters. Not a lot of biodiversity 4.5 Aquatic Ecosystems What factors affect life in aquatic ecosystems? Water depth Temperature Flow Amount of dissolved nutrients Who has been to the beach? What happens to the water color when you get step out to the ocean? Water Depth Light areas (photic zone)= light penetrates the water Dark areas (aphotic zone) = limited light Can plants live in the aphotic zone? No, they cannot photosynthesize. Benthos: Organisms that live in the benthic (shallow) zone. Deep Sea Creatures Freshwater Ecosystems Can be divided into three main categories 1. Rivers and Streams 2. Lakes an Ponds 3. Freshwater Wetlands Rivers and Streams Originate from underground water sources in mountains or hills. Many animals depend on rivers and streams for food. Lakes and Ponds Food webs in lakes and ponds often are based on a combination of plankton and attached algae and plants. Plankton: Includes phytoplankton (plant) and zooplankton (animal). Freshwater Wetlands Wetlands: Is an ecosystem in which water either covers the soil or is present at or near the surface for at least part of the year. Nutrient rich, highly productive, and serve as breeding grounds for many organisms. Purify water by filtering pollutants and help prevent flooding. Estuaries Estuaries: Streams and rivers merge with an ocean. Chesapeake bay! Estuaries Serve as spawning and nursery grounds for many ecologically and commercially important fish and shellfish. Marine Ecosystems Ecologists divide the ocean into three zones based on depth and distance from shore. Ocean zones Intertidal zone: Area of shore between the high-tide and low-tide lines. Exposed to sun. (closest to land) Coastal zone: Low-tide out the edge of continental shelf. Some sunlight. (in between ocean and land) Open Ocean zone: 90% of the world ocean area. Filled with zooplankton. (farthest away from land)