Download Maritime Geography of the Mediterranean Sea

Workshop 16.
Maritime Geography of the Mediterranean Sea. Elements of Analysis for an Integrated
Maritime Policy.
Juan Luis Suárez de Vivero
Department of Human Geography
University of Seville.
[email protected]
1. INTRODUCTION
Geographical representations of marine jurisdictions allow not only the image and
iconography of a new territorial reality to be perceived, but also the formal –geographicalelements of which it is made up and some of the reasons for disputes and territorial tension.
This paper, in the format of an atlas (maps and graphics), is divided into three blocks: 1)
Geographical and political framework: 2) Jurisdictions and borders; 3) Coastal-marine
governance. This structured whole of maps allows strictly jurisdictional elements to be put
into context with the spatial information provided. It also provides elements for analysis that
help to lay the foundations for initiatives for the governance of the Mediterranean basin.
The political make-up of the Mediterranean region is characterised by a clear division
between the northern and southern shores; to a great extent, the former is part of the European
Union, implying greater cohesion and common policies, in contrast with a southern shore
(northern Africa) which is weakly structured from the political point-of-view. In spite of this,
the maritime map shows that national interests dominate on both sides and this results in a
jurisdictional patchwork which does not make for easy agreements, be they bilateral or
multilateral.
The region’s geographical make-up (coastal countries plus the maritime area) and the fact that
it is a semi-enclosed basin similarly reveal certain peculiarities on the maritime map: a large
share (45%) of waters still comes under the legal regime of the high seas, and with the
remaining waters (these under national jurisdiction) produces a total of seven different
maritime jurisdictions. Broadly-speaking, about a quarter is made up of coastal-maritime
territory, and half of this corresponds to the coastal zone. These parameters are sufficient
indication of the importance that the sea has in the region, and this should be reflected, in one
way or another, in the governance of a territory whose legal nature makes international
cooperation an absolute requirement.
The geography of the region is likewise an inherent factor in the aspect of maritime strategy.
There is a large presence of some globally relevant clash points in the Mediterranean, such as
international straits, including Gibraltar and the Turkish straits, and not forgetting the Suez
Canal. Through them passes an artery of vital importance for the world economy, affecting
the interests of other transcontinental regions. The morphology of the basin is also one of the
causes of the territorial conflict that is linked with the process of maritime jurisdictional
expansion, leading to the creation of a high number of new borders between opposing and
neighbouring countries.
The legal map of the Mediterranean is thus a document which is “under construction”, and for
progress to be made in its drawing –and understanding- other underlying geographical
realities have to be shown. The maritime atlas of the Mediterranean region has been
conceived as an approach to the reading and interpretation of the geographical elements
relevant to its governance and as a contribution towards defining the context in which the
basin’s legal aspects have to be accommodated.
2. GEOGRAPHICAL AND POLITICAL FRAMEWORK
The feature that best defines the Mediterranean region is its character as a geographical,
socio-cultural and political crossroads and it is from this that its diversity and complexity
stem. The aim of this section is to summarise the basic components of the basin’s geopolitical
structure with the introduction of the maritime aspect and the geographical and jurisdictional
ratification of this through national and international actions and legislation. The region’s
territorial morphology means that around its marine basin a thick carpet of political
organisations lays, covering the whole gamut from local to international, each of which bears
its share of the responsibility for governance of its maritime space.
On a global scale, the Mediterranean basin is an area where the continents of Europe, Africa
and Asia converge. On its western flank it connects with the Atlantic Ocean through the
Straits of Gibraltar (1,092 m (597 fathoms) deep) and on its eastern flank with the Marmara
Sea through the Dardanelles Strait (91 m (50 fathoms) deep), and thereafter, through the
Bosphorus Strait (72.8 m (40 fathoms) deep) with the Black Sea. The Mediterranean also
connects with the Red Sea through the Suez Canal.
The Mediterranean has a surface area of 2.5m sq.km. (730,000 snm.), is 3,860 km (2,084
n.m.) long from east to west and is 1,600 km (864 n.m.) wide at its widest point, although the
distance that separates opposing States (including islands) does not exceed 720 km (400
nautical miles) at any point (Figure 1). In general terms, it is not very deep (1,500 m (820
fathoms) on average), with a maximum depth of 5,150 m (2,816 fathoms) off the southern
coast of Greece. An underground barrier stretching from Tunisia to Sicily divides the
Mediterranean into the east and the west. The western Mediterranean is divided as follows:
Strait of Gibraltar, Alboran Sea, Balearic Sea (Iberian Sea) and Ligurian Sea. For its part, the
eastern basin is subdivided into: the Tyrrhenian Sea, Strait of Sicily, Adriatic Sea, Ionian Sea
and Aegean Sea (IHO, 1953).
Different levels of political organisation act upon this geographical framework which
contributes to the Mediterranean being considered a multidimensional area. The political
framework of the Mediterranean is the result of interaction between these various levels of
political organisation: supranational, transnational, national and sub national (Table 1). This
structure is relevant insofar as each of these different levels has its duties and responsibilities
for the management and governance of the coastal-marine area.
Of the twenty-one coastal States that give onto the basin (Figure 2), eleven are in Europe, five
in Africa and five in Asia. These twenty-one States, with a combined surface area of
8,430,658 sq.km. (3,255,000 sq.m.), currently extend their jurisdiction over 52 % of the
waters in this sea (Table 2).
The maritime map of these States shows how important this area is for the national interests
that predominate both on the northern shore of the Mediterranean, which is more united,
politically, and the southern and eastern shores, which both have frail political structures.
About twenty-three percent of Mediterranean waters therefore come under the jurisdiction of
European States, about 24% African States, and 5% Asian States (Table 2).
Although States play a core role in shaping the politics of the Mediterranean, a range of
supranational organisations have taken on growing importance as actors with governance
functions and duties for marine space. There is, however, a clear division between north and
south (Figure 3); in the main the former is made up of European Union member-States,
whereas political links in the latter are only weak despite the existence of organisations such
as the Arab League and the Arab Maghreb Union (Table 3).
The expansion and consolidation of the European Union has led to the creation of a fabric of
intermediate-level political structures in the north Mediterranean arc whose interaction and
dialogue with other levels of government shape a governance system that is better coordinated
than that of the southern bank (northern Africa), which is less structured on this intermediate
political level (Table 4). This distances both banks further as far as their ability to govern the
Mediterranean is concerned (Figure 4).
The sub national and local political levels are represented in the Mediterranean by coastal
regions, provinces and municipal districts (Figure 5). Both the number of these organisations
(in Europe alone there are forty-five coastal regions) and their duties regarding the
management and governance of the coastal-marine area (Figure 6) are ensuring a growing role
for sub-State levels in the basin’s political structure (Table 5) and reinforce the idea of
multilevel governance in the region.
This lack of symmetry between the northern and southern parts of the Mediterranean’s
political framework is also evident in the fact that two different and distant socio-economic
and cultural models exist. The northern arc is predominantly Christian, whereas the southern
arc is almost exclusively Moslem. The north is made up of industrialised societies with
democratic systems of government, whereas in the south they are developing countries,
except for Israel. In the north, the demographic structure is marked by the problem of ageing,
whereas in the south there is a demographic boom that leads to emigration (Figure 7). The
north has very high or high human development indexes, with a per capita GNI that exceeds
$42,000 in France (Table 6); the south has only medium Human Development Indexes and
the lowest GNI in the basin (Egypt) of around $1,800 (UNEP/MAP, 2009 and World Bank,
2009). These factors are a source of instability and have important repercussions on political
relations in the Mediterranean.
3. JURISDICTIONS AND BORDERS
The geographical, cultural, social and political complexity of the Mediterranean Sea is also
reflected in the jurisdictional structure of its maritime space. The marine basin’s morphology,
with only one natural connection with the great ocean masses, is also its primary jurisdictional
feature. Art. 123 of UNCLOS provides for the peculiarity of enclosed and semi-enclosed seas
by prescribing for cooperation between coastal States. The fact that the Mediterranean is a
semi-enclosed sea and that its maximum width does not exceed 400 nautical miles at any
point, together with its relatively low levels of biological production are reasons that explain
to a great extent what could be termed the Mediterranean anomaly: the fact that a large
percentage of the basin (approximately 45%) continues to come under the legal status of the
high seas (Figure 8). However, the same is not true of the seabed and the subsoil, the
jurisdictional allotting of which among the States is the subject of most of the delimitation
agreements signed thus far.
A number of jurisdictional definitions concur in the Mediterranean basin (Table 7). Apart
from those specified in UNCLOS, States have adopted other definitions that this does not
provide for. As a result, fisheries protection zones, an ecological protection zone and a
combination of the two have all been declared alongside the basic concepts of inland waters,
territorial sea and contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone, continental shelf and high seas.
Two historical bays have also been declared (the Gulf of Taranto and the Gulf of Sidra: these
are also inland waters) and archaeological contiguous zones. A majority of States (twelve)
have established straight base lines while nine others have not.
Although a considerable part of the Mediterranean is, as has been indicated, high seas, the
seabed and the subsoil come totally under the national jurisdiction of the various coastal
States; i.e.: there is no ‘zone’ (common heritage of mankind, according to UNCLOS) as,
given that there is no point wider than 400 nautical miles, the States, even though they do not
expressly claim it (Art. 77.3 UNCLOS), exercise their jurisdiction over the seabed and the
subsoil, at least as far as the 200 nautical mile limit or the dividing median line should there
be no agreements in place. In reality, the majority of existing limits concern the continental
shelf.
Five States (Cyprus, Egypt, Morocco, Syria and Tunisia) have declared an EEZ to date (end
2009). Except for Cyprus (an EU member) at its far eastern end the EEZs lie along the
southern banks of the basin (Figure 9). The majority of the remaining coastal States (eight)
have declared some kind of jurisdiction (fisheries zone, ecological protection zone and
ecological & fisheries protection zone). Nine States (Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Greece,
Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Monaco, Montenegro and Turkey) have declared no jurisdictional
rights outside the territorial sea. It is because of this that the high seas exist (as a jurisdiction
that is defined by exclusion). The current surface area of the high seas 1,146,612 sq.km.
(334,300 snm.) (Table 8) basically results from the inhibition of three States: Italy, Greece
and Turkey. Italy alone would reduce the current surface area of the high seas by half, should
the Law on ecological protection (Law no. 61, 2006) come into force.
There are twenty-nine points of border contact between these twenty-one Mediterranean
coastal States which subsequently give rise to different types of delimitation between
maritime jurisdictions (basically, territorial sea and contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone
and continental shelf) (Figure 10). Interaction between neighbouring and opposing States has
led to thirteen delimitation agreements to date (Figure 11) (including borders that have come
about as a result of the break up of the former Yugoslavia), of which nine are between
opposing, and four between neighbouring States. The oldest agreement dates from 1968
(Italy-Yugoslavia) whilst the most recent was subscribed in 2003 (Cyprus-Egypt). This was
also the first delimitation of the EEZ. Although forty years separate the first and the latest
agreements, 60% of these were formalised during the nineteen-seventies and –eighties. Nine
of the thirteen agreed limits concern the continental shelf.
Seven of the agreements are situated in the western Mediterranean and the remaining six in
the eastern part, and correspond to nine States on the northern shore (Europe) and four on the
southern shore (Africa). Politically, seven of the agreements affect EU-member countries (a
total of six: France, Italy, Spain, Greece, Malta, Slovenia and Cyprus), with Italy being the
country that has subscribed the greatest number of agreements (eight). The reason for this is
the country’s relative position as a peninsula in the middle of the basin and the creation of
new States after the break up of the old State of Yugoslavia. As previously indicated, Italy
had signed the first agreement on maritime borders with Yugoslavia. Six States (BosniaHerzegovina, Israel, Lebanon, Morocco, Syria and Turkey) have no agreements concerning
their limits. Territorial conflicts are one of the causes of the lack of agreements due to the
complexity of some of the disputes in the basin (Figure 12). Insularity and territories regarded
as enclaves/exclaves might be considered the focus of conflicts of this type and of consequent
difficulties for agreements to be reached.
4. GOVERNANCE
The maps and graphics in this section relate to some aspects of governance of the
Mediterranean Sea that illustrate just how complex the basin is. This is a result both of its
current jurisdictional structure, with responsibilities appertaining to the coastal States and
third States, and of some of the most widespread marine uses and phenomena, such as
migratory flows, for which, despite their not having any maritime roots, its waters are a major
scenario.
Governance of the Mediterranean basin takes place on various levels depending on the
jurisdictional structure of its maritime space and its multilevel politico-administrative
organisation (see 2). The basin is envisaged as a unit of management in international
conventions (Barcelona Convention), but it is more of a political than a physiographical
domain. To all effects, the basin is usually divided into areas, sub regions or subdivisions
based either on their geological, geomorphological, hydrological or biological formation, or
their legal and administrative structure. The areas defined by physical (as opposed to politicoadministrative) criteria possess the rationale of natural events and allow areas for intervention
and actions and management measures to be defined and delimited. Some of these areas can
be found on the eco-region maps (Figure 13, Figure 14, Figure 15 and Figure 16). The scales
and the average size of these areas differ widely (Table 9). In some cases, such as
hydrographic basins, institutions have been created for their management and, in the case of
the EU, the WFD has incorporated into these physical units the coastal waters linked to them.
Being defined according to strictly functional criteria from the geographical point-of-view,
these areas are generally of a supranational (straddling a number of national maritime
jurisdictions) and international (including High Seas waters) nature. This makes it difficult for
divisions of this type, with limits based on hydrographical, geological or biological events, to
be operational, as they lack a legal-administrative framework. This is the difficulty that
making proposed protected marine areas effective faces, as they extend into waters outside
national jurisdiction (Figure 17).
The institutions responsible for managing some marine activities (fishing has a long
management tradition on the national, transnational and international scale) or formulating
integrated policies (the EU’s Marine Strategy Framework Directive) have generally
proceeded by establishing a geographical structure for their measures or policies to be
implemented. Among the major institutions of this type are FAO, ICES (Figure 18) the
General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (Figure 19), the European Commission
with the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (Figure 20) and the Regional Fisheries
Advisory Councils, where the Mediterranean is considered as a single unit (Figure 21).
Some activities in marine space, such as navigation, are regulated by international
conventions but their effect on the environment and the fact that they are superimposed upon
other activities or compete for the same space make them targets for consideration in marine
spatial planning. Such is the case of ports and shipping lanes (Figure 22, Figure 23), and also
of certain infrastructure of a strategic nature (Figure 24).
Along with conventional uses, other phenomena, such as unregulated migration have led to
systems being established to monitor and maintain surveillance over maritime space. This
phenomenon is hugely prevalent in some areas of the Mediterranean and considerable means
have been deployed for its control (Figure 25).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
-
An integrated maritime policy for the European Union Brussels, 10.10.2007, COM
(2007) 575 final.
-
Convention for the Protection of The Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution, 16
February 1976.
-
Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October
2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy).
-
DOALOS (http://www.un.org/Depts/los/index.htm.).
-
IHO (1953): Limits of the Oceans and Seas, Monte Carlo.
-
Italy, 2006. Law No. 61 of 8 February 2006, Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica
Italiana No. 52, 3 March 2006.
-
PNUD (2009): Human Development Report 2009. Overcoming barriers: Human
mobility and development.
-
Regulation (EC) No 1059/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26th
May 2003 on the establishment of a common classification of territorial units for
statistics (NUTS) (Official Journal L 154, 21/06/2003).
-
Resilience in the European Atlantic social–ecological system (EASES), Working
Paper, 2009. University College Cork.
-
UNEP/MAP (2009): Plan Bleu: State of the Environment and Development in the
Mediterranean, Athens.
-
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982. Division for Ocean Affairs
and the Law of the Sea.
http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_conventio
n.htm
-
WORLD BANK (2009): World Development Indicators database.
TABLES
Table 1. Hierarchical structure of the Mediterranean’s political framework
GEOGRAPHICAL SCOPE
POLITICAL SCOPE
SUB-GLOBAL
Mediterranean
South Europe & North Africa & Asia Minor
MACROREGIONAL
Mediterranean Arc
SUPRANATIONAL LEVEL
UE & Arab Maghreb Union & Arab League
TRANSNATIONAL LEVEL
Intermediterranean Commission
Balkan and Black Sea Commission
NATIONAL LEVEL
AL, AG, BK, HR, CY, EG, FR, GR, IS, IT, LE, LY,
MT, MN, MW, MO, SI, SP, SY, TS, TU.
MESOREGIONAL
Coastal regions
LOCAL
District, county.
* Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS).
SUBNATIONAL LEVEL
NUTS 2*
LOCAL LEVEL
NUTS 3, LAU 1, LAU 2**
** Local Administrative Units (LAU). EU statistical unit.
Source: EASES, adapted by author.
Table 2. Specifics of Mediterranean countries and territories (2006)
Countries and
Territories
Spain
Gibraltar
France
Italy
Greece
Monaco
Malta
Cyprus*
Turkish Republic of
Northern Cyprus
Slovenia
Croatia
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Montenegro
Albania
Turkey
Syria
Lebanon
Israel
Palestinian territories
Egypt
Libya
Tunisia
Algeria
Total surface
area (sq.km.)
Maritime
surface area of
jurisdictional
waters
(sq.km.)
Population
505,370
7.84
551,500
301,340
131,960
2
320
9,250
243,959
79
87,212
120,868
92,095
285
8,231
74,530
44,121,300
29,286
61,256,600
58,842,800
11,147,100
32,600
406,000
771,200
3,186
-
235,591
20,270
56,540
51,210
14,026
28,750
783,560
185,180
10,400
22,070
6,020
1,001,450
376
54,719
4,847
39,175
10,147
3,938
3,318
371
170,923
2,006,800
4,441,300
3,926,406
601,022
3,172,155
72,975,000
19,407,558
4,055,301
7,048,600
3,774,671
74,166,496
1,759,540
235,918
6,038,643
163,610
104,182
10,128,100
2,381,740
77,245
33,351,137
Political block
EU
EU
EU
EU
EU
EU
EU
EU
League of Arab States
League of Arab States
League of Arab States
Maghreb/ League of
Arab States
Maghreb/ League of
Arab States
Maghreb/ League of
Arab States
Morocco
446,550
20,887
30,496,553
1,661,288
614,780
190,725,283
Maghreb/ League of
Arab States
SUMMARY
Europe 11 countries
EU/non EU
Maghreb/ League of
Africa 5 countries
5,752,890
609,154
261,442,059
Arab States
EU/ League of Arab
Asia 5 countries
1,016,480
131,782
452,167,342
States
* Cyprus is included as part of Asia in keeping with the OALOS website structure.
Source: UNEP/MAP, 2009, adapted by author.
Table 3. Supranational political organisations in the Mediterranean
Supranational organisations
Purpose
No. of countries
Location
EU
Political-economic
9
Europe
EEA*
Economic
EUROMED**
Political
15
Europe/Asia
Arab League
Political
7
Africa/Asia
Arab Maghreb Union
Economic
4
Africa
9 (4 associated)
Europe/Asia/Africa
*EEA: European Economic Area.
**EUROMED: Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, was re-launched in 2008 as the Union for the
Mediterranean.
Source: Author.
Table 4. Other supranational political organisations in the Mediterranean
Transnational organisations
Purpose
No. of
Location
countries
Intermediterranean Commission (CRPM)
Regional political
4
Europe
Balkan and Black Sea Commission (CRPM)
Regional political
11
Europe
Source: Author.
Table 5. Sub national level. Mediterranean coastal regions
Country
Spain
France
Greece
Croatia
Italy
Malta
Slovenia
Turkey
Albania
Montenegro
Source: Author.
No. NUTS 2
6
3
12
1
15
1
1
10
1
1
Surface area sq.km.
159,574
68,227
120,551
23,764
227,243
281
8,099
229,752
28,741
14,208
Table 6. Per capita Gross National Income 2008
Countries
Per capita Gross
Countries
Per capita Gross National
National Income ($US)
Income ($US)
Spain
31,960 Albania
3,840
France*
42,250 Turkey
9,340
Italy
35,240 Syria
2,090
Greece
28,650 Lebanon
6,350
Malta
16,680 Israel
24,700
Cyprus **
22,950 Egypt
1,800
Slovenia
24,010 Libya
11,590
Croatia
13,570 Tunisia
3,290
Bosnia-Herzegovina
4,510 Algeria
4,260
Montenegro
6,440 Morocco
2,580
* Data includes the French overseas departments of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Reunion.
** Excludes Turkish Cypriot side.
Note: Figures in italics are for 2007 or 2006.
Source: World Bank, 2009
Exclusive
Economic Zone
32/52
Ecological &
Fisheries
Protection Zone
24
Ecological
Protection Zone
Fisheries Zone
X
Albania
X
24
Algeria
Bosnia-Herzegovina
X
Croatia
X
24
Cyprus
X
Egypt
X
24
France
Greece
Israel
X
Italy
Lebanon
X
Libya
24
Malta
Monaco
Montenegro
X
Morocco
Slovenia
X
X
Spain
X
24
Syria
X
Tunisia
Turkey
Source: European Commission, 2009.
Archaeological
Contiguous Zone
Contiguous
Zone
Straight
Baselines
Table 7. Summary of national claims and/or delimitation agreements 2009
X
24
X
X
24
X
X
24
62
25
X
X
X
24
X
X
X
Table 8. Surface area, Jurisdictions
Jurisdictions
Inland waters
Historical bay
Territorial sea
EEZ
Fisheries Protection zone
Ecological Protection zone
Ecological and fisheries zone
High seas
Total
Source: Author.
sq. km.
96,087
92,154
394,219
310,654
377,755
80,615
34,202
1,146,612
2,532,298
Table 9. Management Areas
ECOSYSTEMS
WFDE
MEOW
Name
Western plains
Dinaric western Balkan
Italy and Corsica
Eastern Balkan
Hellenic western Balkan
Average
LME
Name
Mediterranean Sea
sq. km.
582,934
191,419
718,135
177,641
432,537
420,533
sq. km.
2,530,148
Name
Adriatic Sea
Levantine Sea
Tunisian Plateau/Gulf of Sidra
Ionian Sea
Aegean Sea
Alboran Sea
Western Mediterranean
Average
sq. km.
352,299
1,122,686
1,077,191
455,080
609,648
352,690
1,382,583
252,816
ADMINISTRATIVE & STATISTICAL REGIONS
ICES DIVISIONS
Name
Balearic (Division 37.1.1)
Gulf of Lions (Division 37.1.2)
Sardinia (Division 37.1.3)
Adriatic (Division 37.2.1)
Ionian (Division 37.2.2)
Aegean (Division 37.3.1)
Levant (Division 37.3.2)
Average
CGPM
sq. km.
468,333
62,758
313,855
98,975
845,887
286,510
443,941
360,036
MSFD
Name
Mediterranean Sea (Marine
Region)
Western Mediterranean (Marine
Sub region
Ionian Sea (Marine Sub region)
Levantine Aegean Sea (Marine
Sub region)
Adriatic Sea (Marine Sub
region)
Average
sq. km.
1,533,098
Name
Northern Alboran Sea
Alboran Island
Southern Alboran Sea
Algeria
Balearic Islands
Northern Spain
Gulf of Lions
Ligurian and North Tyrrhenian
Sea
Corsica
Sardinia
South and Central Tyrrhenian
Sea
sq. km.
33,034
2,226
22,683
129,355
113,863
111,911
34,443
54,599
47,702
121,778
134,394
693,550
359,906
Gulf of Hammamet
Gulf of Gabes
38,497
52,595
418,819
Malta
26,800
60,823
383,274
Northern Tunisia
South of Sicily
39,910
37,386
FAO
Name
Area No. 37
sq. km.
2,995,439
RACS
Name
Balearic (Division 37.1.1)
Gulf of Lions (Division 37.1.2)
Sardinia (Division 37.1.3)
Adriatic (Division 37.2.1)
Ionian (Division 37.2.2)
Aegean (Division 37.3.1)
Levant (Division 37.3.2)
Average
Source: Author.
sq. km.
468,333
62,758
313,855
98,975
845,887
286,510
443,941
360,036
Northern Adriatic Sea
Southern Adriatic Sea
Western Ionian Sea
85.726
52,209
167,416
Southern Ionian Sea
Eastern Ionian Sea
Crete
Aegean Sea
South Levant
Cyprus
Levant
North Levant
Average
366.101
124,642
62,680
222,651
265,846
45,101
36,193
100,507
93,712