Download Chapter Fourteen

Chapter Fourteen
Sectional Forms
Basic Elements of Music
Rhythm
Melody (pitch)
Harmony
Timbre (sound)
Form (shape)
Form
• Form—Organizational plan of a
piece of music--how many motives,
phrases, verses, etc.
For Example

Blues Tune
|I |I
IV | IV | I
V | IV | I
I
|I
|I
|V
|
|
|
A 12 bar blues is made up of 3 phrases, each 4
measures long. This is what is called strophic form.
For Example
Here we have a song that has two phrases,
but the first one is six measures long and the
second one is eight measures long. This not
real common but not unusual either.
When we discuss the number of
phrases and how they go together, we
are discussing the formal elements of
the piece.
Basic Principles of
Musical Organization
Form is created through three
techniques—
Repetition
Contrast
Variation
Repetition
Individual lines of a song can repeat a
a
(repeated note for note)
Silent Night, Holy Night
b
b’
(slight variation)
All is calm, all is bright.
c
(new melodic material)
Round yon Virgin, Mother and Child.
c
(repeated note for note)
Holy Infant so tender and mild.
d (new melodic material)
e (new melodic material)
Sleep in heavenly peace Sleep in heavenly peace
Repetition
•Or entire sections of a song may repeat-•Each verse of “Silent Night” has the exact
same melody, just as “This Land is Your
Land” does.
•Repetition provides a sense of familiarity,
unity, and a feeling of continuity.
•But, too much repetition makes music
easy to ignore; e.g., “Row, Row, Row Your
Boat”
Contrast
• Contrast is created by changing the
character of the music through creating a
separate section.
•Contrast between the a, b, c, d, and e
phrases in “Silent Night”
•Tempo contrast between instrumental
sections and vocal sections in “Oy, Abram.”
• Contrast provides a sense of variety.
Variation



Variation combines repetition with contrast.
One type of variation takes a melodic idea and
alters it in some way but we still recognize
(mostly) the original idea. For example, the two
“b” phrases of “Silent Night”—the notes move in
the same direction and have the same rhythm,
but the second “b” starts one note lower than
the first one.
Here is an example of a C major scale and then
a variation on the scale--
Sectional Form
• Pieces divided into logical units that
have definite beginnings and endings.
• The flow of music is mildly interrupted
by the end and beginning of sections.
• Cadences are the primary device for
indicating these units or sections.
• Contrast can also be used to create
divisions.
Types of Sectional Forms
•Strophic
The same or similar music for each stanza or
section. Much of folk and children’s music is
strophic. There is no contrasting melody.
•E. g., “Silent Night” or “This Land is Your Land”
Types of Sectional Forms
• Verse/Chorus
Variation of strophic form where a chorus is
inserted between verses. The chorus is
marked by repeated lyrics and may or may
not have same melody as verse.
•E.g., “This Land is Your Land” (same melody)
“Crazy Train” (different melody)
Expanded Sectional Forms
Sectional forms also include music that has
one or more sections without repetition of
melodic material.
•“Help Me Make It Through the Night”
Verse Chorus Bridge
•“Crazy Train” Verse Chorus Bridge
•“Huachos”
A B C
South America
•Andes Mountains—5500 miles long along western
edge of SA—longest mountain range in the world.
•Indigenous peoples inhabited SA for 20,000
years.
•Incas were the predominant culture in the Andes
from around 1450, until the European invasion of
settlers around 1550.
•South America is a mix of mestizo, mulatto, and
indigenous traditions and people.
Music of the Andes
•Andean music is oldest music in Latin America
and is made up of an intermingling of
indigenous and European elements and
instruments.
•It is played in a variety of settings—clubs,
villages, homes, festivals, etc. Almost every
municipality has its own band.
•It is also played around the world by groups
ranging from itinerant street musicians to highly
trained professionals.
Andean Music Instruments
Strings
Guitar, Charango
Drums
Bombo, Wankara,
Shakers
Wind Instruments
Panpipes- Phukuna, Siku,
Zampoñas
Flutes- Quenas, (Kenas),
Quenachos
Quenas
Charangos
Zampona