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Basic Chemistry for Earth Science The Periodic Table • Family/Group: vertical columns • Period: the horizontal rows on the periodic table • Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down into a more simple substance. They are found on the periodic table. • An atom is the smallest part of an element you can have and still have the properties of that element. • All atoms are make-up of subatomic particles. The 3 subatomic particles are: – Protons – Neutrons – Electrons • The nucleus is the center of an atom. • Protons have a positive charge and are found in the nucleus. • Electrons have a negative charge and are found in a “cloud” outside of the nucleus. • Neutrons are neutral and are found in the nucleus. • The number of protons determine the identity of an element. • The Atomic Number tells you the number of protons and electrons (unless it is an ion). • The Mass Number tells you protons + neutrons. • Neutrons = Mass Number - # of Protons Element Mass # Atomic # Protons Electrons Neutrons Gold Magnesium Aluminum Calcium Sodium • An Isotopes are atoms of an element that have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons. Element Mass # Atomic # Protons Electrons Carbon 12 6 Carbon 14 6 Neutrons • A ion is an atom that has gained or lost electrons. If an atom loses electrons it is metal. If an atom gains electrons it is non-metal. Element Calcium Chlorine Nitrogen Mass # Atomic # Protons Electrons Neutrons Charge Metals Nonmetals • A compound is two or more elements chemically combined. – Examples: • • • • Water H2O Table Salt NaCl Baking Soda Na2CO3 Vinegar HC3H3O2 • A molecule is the smallest part of a compound that you can have and still have the properties of the compound. • A mixture is a material system made up by two or more different substances which are mixed but are not combined chemically. • A covalent bond is a bond formed when electrons are shared. • An ionic bond is a bond formed when electrons are either gained or lost from one element to another. A metallic bond is a bond formed when electrons are shared in large amounts. • -like a sea of electrons that are shared by all atoms • Ionic Bonds are like TYRANTS. They take what they want. • Covalent Bonds are like socialists. They share what they need. • Metallic Bonds are like Anarchists. They run around sharing what they need, but with no thought of ownership.