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Crop science innovations from Metabolix Canola Innovation Day, Saskatoon, Canada December 3, 2015 Why Yield10? Breakthrough Science Outstanding Team Transformative Traits Strong IP Yield10 Bioscience “Where Nature Performs” 2 Where Nature Performs TM Global Opportunity Yield10 The Opportunity A New Crop Science Paradigm to Enhance Global Food Security 9 October 2009 Revised June, 2015 GA/EF/3242 Food Production Must Double by 2050 to Meet Demand from World’s Growing Population Y10 is… aligned with compelling megatrends • • • • • Global population growth from 7 billion to 9.6 billion by 2050 Reduction in available land due to infrastructure growth Increased pressure on scarce water and other resources Changing global weather patterns Environmental issues with intensive agriculture Realizing a New Vision for Agriculture: A roadmap for stakeholders http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_IP_NVA_Roadmap_Report.pdf Need… more than 100% increase in food production over the same period But… can the current rates of crop yield increase get us there? Reality… traditional breeding and business models cannot solve this problem 3 Where Nature Performs TM Yield10 The Opportunity A New Crop Science Paradigm to Enhance Global Food Security Step change yield impact: 17% yield increase for corn Plus traditional breeding • Traditional breeding won’t get us there • Failure could lead to global catastrophe • Has re-opened the GMO conversation • Technology solutions can be developed …BUT… • Global dissemination should be maximized • New business models will be required Yield Trends Are Insufficient to Double Global Crop Production by 2050 Deepak K. Ray, Nathaniel D. Mueller, Paul C. West, Jonathan A. Foley 4 Where Nature Performs TM Yield10 Global Food Security The Challenge Recent developments in the global landscape for GMO food crops Modi bets on GM crops for India's second green revolution Green Business | Mon Feb 23, 2015 3:07am EST NEW DELHI | By Krishna N. Das and Mayank Bhardwaj …But allowing GM crops is critical to Modi's goal of boosting dismal farm productivity in India, where urbanization is devouring arable land and population growth will mean there are 1.5 billion mouths to feed by 2030 - more even than China. 5 Where Nature Performs TM President Xi Jinping said China must “boldly research and innovate, [and] dominate the high points of GMO techniques.” An agricultural policy paper issued early this year calls for more GMO research. A pro-GMO ad campaign from the agriculture ministry began in September 2014. The official Xinhua News Agency on Feb. 4, wrote, “GMO technology has long been considered an effective way to increase yields on marginal lands.” Yield10 Focus and Strategy Develop and commercialize step change yield traits for food crops • Differentiated technology approach and promising early results • Screening and early development carried out in model crop systems • • • 6 • C3 photosynthetic crops (soy, canola, wheat rice, etc.) use the oilseed Camelina sativa • C4 photosynthetic crops (corn, sugarcane, sorghum, millet, etc.) use Switchgrass Rapidly move traits developed in model systems into major food crops • Early results in model systems generated from greenhouse and small scale field trials • Lead trait being moved into canola, rice and soybean Multiple options for value capture • Develop and commercialize seed lines • License or partner with established Agriculture industry players Seeking funding for first 3 years of independent operations • Yield10 structure to be negotiated with investors • Focus on achieving proof points in major food crops, including multi-site field trails Where Nature Performs TM Yield10 Solution | Leveraging Biological Diversity Average C4 Crop Yield ~ 5X higher than Average C3 Crop Yield “Food production must double by 2050 to meet demand from world’s growing population” C3 Crops: Soybean, canola, wheat, rice, pulses, fruits, vegetables, etc. C3 Crops ~ 90% of Global Food Supply 7 Where Nature Performs TM Crop Yield Naturally higher yields in C4 crops suggest it is biologically possible to significantly increase C3 crop yields C4 Crops: corn, sugarcane, etc. Yield 10 has approaches for both C3 and C4 photosynthetic systems Yield10 Solution | Seed Yield Example A Metabolic Engineering Perspective on Increasing Seed Yield • • • • Systems based approach treating the entire plant as a carbon flow chart C3 and C4 photosynthesis crops represent distinct scientific and technical challenges Leverages learning from 30 years experience optimizing carbon flow in living systems Focuses on key output of step change increases in seed yield 8 Where Nature Performs TM Yield10 Refining and Improving Camelina Platform Camelina: A Versatile C3 Crop Platform Providing Quick Access to Field Ready Material 36 weeks ~3 cycles Greenhouse “breeding” seed bulk up Transformation of gene construct Wild-type plants Screening of seeds and lines Homozygous seed Field trial Yield10 Improvements to Camelina Platform • CRISPR genome editing in progress • Multiple CRISPR targets to improve yield identified (i.e. targets from RNA-SEQ of engineered high yield lines) • Plastid engineering using novel delivery method in progress 9 Where Nature Performs TM Yield10 Target | Increase Yield in C3 Crops A New Crop Science Paradigm to Enhance Global Food Security • Over 90% of global food production is based on crops having the C3 photosynthetic system (canola, soybean, rice, wheat, potato, etc.) • Objective: Enhance photosynthesis in C3 crops (C3003 gene trait) • Well understood limitations of plant C3 photosynthetic systems “Crop Moon shot- Convert C3 plants to C4 photosynthetic system” Chloroplast • Numerous prior efforts to solve this: no real success to date • • • • • • Technical problem concentration of CO2 available to the RUBISCO enzyme Loss of fixed CO2 by photorespiration Flow of CO2 through the leaf surface pores results in increased water loss Yield can be increased under artificial conditions, high CO2 and high water Photosynthetic bacteria and algae concentrate CO2 for RUBISCO Potential for discovery and scientific breakthroughs • 3003 gene trait Proof of Concept achieved, now progressing multiple single insertion Camelina lines for multi-site field trials • Proof of Concept in other crops ongoing [additional information available under CDA] 10 Where Nature Performs TM Yield10 Target | Increase Seed Yield in C3 Plants A New Crop Science Paradigm to Enhance Global Food Security ~30-40% of the CO2 fixed during photosynthesis is lost due to inefficiencies in plant metabolism Yield10 brings 30 years of experience optimizing the flow of carbon in living systems • • These tools are now being applied in plants to reduce metabolic carbon loss, re-partition carbon and increase seed yield • • 4 traits of increasing genetic complexity have been progressed through Proof of Concept in Camelina • • • C3004 – addresses carbon partitioning to seed C3005 and C3006 are complex multi-gene system traits which increase carbon metabolism efficiency C3007 increases flow of carbon to seed oil 11 Where Nature Performs TM Yield10 Novel Pathway to Increase Seed and Oil Yield Example: C3006 trait, complex novel multigene pathway Unexpected benefits achieved: 1) Higher seed oil content 2) Increased seed size Next Steps: 1) Determine performance under field conditions 2) Identify minimal gene sets to deliver yield increase 12 Where Nature Performs TM Yield10 Target | Increase Yield in C4 Plants A New Crop Science Paradigm to Enhance Global Food Security C4 plants include corn, sugarcane, sorghum, oil palm etc C4 plants are much higher yielding than C3 plants and more drought tolerant • • • e.g. Corn @ 160+ bu/acre vs. soybean @ 43+ bu/acre • C4 plants have a unique structural arrangement of the mesophyll cells (where the C4 part of the system takes place) and bundle sheath cells which contain the RUBISCO pathway • Introducing the full C4 system into C3 plants would require a very large number of genes • Yield challenge is not amenable to a purely metabolic engineering approach • Developed a “Systems Approach” – T3 Platform – identify powerful global regulators to up-regulate complex gene cascades 13 Where Nature Performs TM Yield10 T3 Platform A New Crop Science Paradigm to Enhance Global Food Security • The T3 Platform uses big data analysis based on complex algorithms to correlate networks of transcriptomes from different crop species with physiological outcomes (functional modules) predictive of yield • Objective: Identify key genes to control complex regulatory networks Crop genomics “Big Data” advanced transcriptome network analysis Key global regulatory genes (GTF) Complex genomics data Functional modules targeting pathways of interest ~ 36,000 genes 14 Where Nature Performs TM 20 gene candidates Functional Modules 1. Increase photosynthesis (light harvesting pigments and electron transport) 2. Increase central metabolism (higher concentrations of carbon intermediates) 3. Increase overall biomass yield (switchgrass objective) 3 lead GTF genes tested in switchgrass Yield10 C4 Crop Example | Biomass Case Study WT +GTF1 +GTF2 +GTF3 C4001 Transgenic line 4 Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Carotenoids 144% of control 141% of control +GTF1,3 Central Metabolism Soluble sugars Leaf starch 138% of control 160% of control Total dry biomass 140% of control WT PAR • Multiple transgenic lines in different germplasms were produced overexpressing the different GTF genes identified using the T3 Platform • Corresponding genes in major food crops have been identified • Evaluation of the C4001 – C4003 gene traits is currently ongoing in other crops, including sugarcane Solution: GTFs up-regulate complex regulatory networks 15 Where Nature Performs TM Yield10 Perspectives on Regulatory Risk Indicative relationship between potential yield improvement and regulatory complexity Technology Vector | Maximize yield | Minimize regulatory hurdles Key Considerations: 100% • Safety first GMO Complex number and/or source of transgenes GMO Potential Seed Yield 50% Increase C3005 and C3006 Plant transgene C3003, Genome Editing GMO Pesticide/herbicide transgenes Increasing Technical and Regulatory Complexity 16 Where Nature Performs TM • Potential societal value (meet global food need, improve quality of food, e.g., golden rice and non-PUFA oils) • Commercial value C4001, C4003 C3004 and C4001-3 • Need for clearly defined, sciencebased regulations • Broad public acceptance in high risk geographies such as Africa and India will require a new non-centralized seed company business model or altruistic approach Yield10 Commercialization Program Yield10 Seed Line Development Major Ramp-up and Transition Underway in 2015 Proof of Concept Early Development Advanced Development Camelina C3003 Pre Launch Commercial 2020 Canola C3003 2021 Soybean C3003 2022 Rice C3003 2021 Canola C3003/C3004 2021 Anticipate numerous opportunities for value capture along the path to commercialization Partnership/licensing discussions initiated for Corn / Cane and planned for Wheat / Rice / Potato / Cotton 17 Where Nature Performs TM Yield10 Investment Considerations is… Aligned with compelling megatrends • • Global population growth from 7 billion to 9 billion by 2050 driving need for >70% increase in food production over the same period Growing pressure on water and land resources, issues with intensive agriculture developing… Breakthrough technology for improved crop yield • • • Novel yield trait technologies for both C3 and C4 photosynthetic crops Foundation IP in place (owned/in-licensed) Development/Scientific staff (16 FTEs) and research facilities in place creates… Large addressable market opportunity • Crop R&D $4 billion GMO Seed $40 billion Global food $4 trillion enables… Numerous opportunities for value capture • • 18 Where Nature Performs TM Commercialize seed lines for select crops Licensing and/or funded development projects with strategic partners Thank You! December 3, 2015