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Transcript
THE MIDDLE AGES 449-1485 THE MIDDLE AGES • The Anglo-Saxon Period – 449-1066 • The Medieval Period – 1066-1485 THE NORMAN CONQUEST • Battle of Hastings – 1066 – Beginning of The Medieval Period – Harold, king of England, defeated by William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy THE NORMAN CONQUEST • Consequences of Norman Invasion – Inventory and seizure of property – Martial law – Strong central government established THE NORMAN CONQUEST • William the Conqueror – Efficient and ruthless soldier – Able administrator – Able to conquer the entire country – Reigned for twenty-one years THE NORMAN CONQUEST • The Normans – Descended from the Vikings – Seized and remained in northwestern France (Normandy) – Adopted many French customs THE NORMAN CONQUEST THE NORMANS • Positives – Superb soldiers – Excellent administrators – Great borrowers and adapters • Negatives – Lacked inventiveness – Unoriginal THE NORMAN CONQUEST • The Fusing of the Norman and Anglo-Saxon Cultures – Neither dominant – Anglo-Saxons adapted to the Norman ways • Improve life through the Church or court • Began to mingle with the Norman overlords THE NORMAN CONQUEST • Thomas Becket – Henry II’s Lord Chancellor – Archbishop of Canterbury – Defended the claims of the Church against the interests of the King – Murdered by several of Henry’s knights – Became a saint of the Church and a hero of the people LAND & THE FEUDAL SYSTEM • William had a great deal of land at his disposal – Retained much for himself – The rest he granted to his soldiers – Felt he was free to deed land by royal charter • Expected obedience and service in return – Introduced into England the feudal system LAND & THE FEUDAL SYSTEM • Feudalism – Nobody owned land independently • Allegiance – Feudalism is an elaborate chain of loyalties • Rent paid by military service LAND & THE FEUDAL SYSTEM • The Domesday Book – Sometimes called Doomsday – Created in 1086 by William • A complete inventory of all property • Taxes could now be based on real property THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH • Responsible for • Despite national loyalty, creating a common every person was culture & a common set responsible to the of beliefs in Western Church Europe from the 11th to • The Church grew and 15th century prospered during the • Latin became the period language of all • Preserving and educated persons transmitting culture MEDIEVAL LIFE • As the period progressed, herding became more important than farming – Wages instead of labor – Production of wool encouraged the growth of cities in the north • More people began to live in towns instead of manors • Many became immensely rich • Developed native forms of literature, songs and ballads, and a native drama MEDIEVAL LIFE • These new merchants were the first to form guilds – Societies to regulate prices and standards – Extended family life MEDIEVAL LIFE • Other Types of Work – The great English cathedrals – Often took several hundred years to build MEDIEVAL LIFE • Winchester Cathedral MEDIEVAL LIFE • Lincoln Cathedral MEDIEVAL LIFE • Salisbury Cathedral MEDIEVAL LIFE • Yorkminster Cathedral MEDIEVAL LIFE • Guilds were founded for many of these workers – Stonecutters and masons – Carpenters – Glass blowers – Stainers MEDIEVAL LIFE • Life in the Middle Ages was difficult and challenging • Travel • Food • Winters – The difficulty of life was balanced with entertainment MEDIEVAL LIFE • Medieval Clothing MEDIEVAL LIFE • Medieval Clothing MEDIEVAL LIFE • Medieval Tournament MEDIEVAL LIFE • Medieval Festival ENGLISH LAW • William the Conqueror instituted written public documents for most government actions – Common Law • Applies to all people instead of certain people – Primogeniture • Exclusive rights for the first born son ENGLISH LAW • Ordeals – Innocence or guilt was settled by tasks – In 1215, Pope Innocent III declared that the ordeal system was irrational – Replacement: Jury System ENGLISH LAW • The Magna Carta – In 1215, a group of angry barons forced King John (1199-1216) to sign the Magna Carta – Established that levies must be made with the consent of the barons – Limited the king’s taxing powers – Foreshadowed the right of trial by jury and the beginnings of representative government in Parliament THE CRUSADES • The first Crusade was proclaimed in 1095 by Pope Urban II THE CRUSADES • Other Crusades followed in 1191, 1202, 1217, and 1270 THE CRUSADES • Each Crusade began with a desire to rescue Jerusalem from the Turks THE CRUSADES • Most ended squalidly in raiding, looting, and a tangle of power politics THE CRUSADES • Results of the Crusades – Christian Europe exposed to Arabic culture – Commercial and intellectual horizons broadened – Knowledge and all manners of refinements in living were brought back from the East – Encouraged the ideal of true knightly behavior known as chivalry • Considerable importance in literature • Joined to the companion idea of romance The Hundred Years’ War • 1337-1453 • The English monarchy never voluntarily relinquished its hold on its French possessions • Numerous costly wars in France, culminating in the Hundred Years’ War • Eventually England was driven from France The Hundred Years’ War • The Longbow – Used by the English from the time of Edward I (1272-1307) – Six-foot bows – Yard-long arrows capable of piercing a knight’s armor – Longbows and gunpowder did much to end the Middle Ages THE BLACK DEATH • In 1348, the Black Death came to England – First of a series of plagues that killed more than a third of the population – Scarcity of labor caused by the plagues resulted in the death of feudalism THE WARS OF THE ROSES • 1455-1485 • Civil war between the House of York and the House of Lancaster – House of York’s emblem was the white rose – House of Lancaster’s emblem was the red rose THE WARS OF THE ROSES • In 1485, Henry VII succeeded Richard III • Henry united the feuding families through marriage • Ended the wars and founded the Tudor line • With Henry’s accession, the real Middle Ages vanished Henry VII Richard III MEDIEVAL LITERATURE • Romance – Chivalry, love, wonders and marvels • • • • • Fairy enchantments Giants Dragons Wizards Sorceresses MEDIEVAL LITERATURE Three Principal Sources • Britain – King Arthur and his knights • Based on Celtic folklore • Almost no historical basis • Chivalric ideals MEDIEVAL LITERATURE Three Principal Sources • France – The court of Charlemagne MEDIEVAL LITERATURE Three Principal Sources • Rome – Classical stories such as the conquest of Troy GEOFFREY CHAUCER • 1340?-1400 • First great figure in English literature • Greatest work belongs to poetic and humorous realism – The Canterbury Tales FOLK POETRY AND DRAMA • Ballads – Came from the common people of early England and Scotland – Not written down but recited and sung – 14th and 15th centuries FOLK POETRY AND DRAMA • Drama – Popular drama’s origins are in the Middle Ages – Miracle Plays • Rough dramatizations of Biblical stories • Wicked characters were played as comic characters FOLK POETRY AND DRAMA • Drama (cont.) – Morality Plays • Took the place of miracle plays toward the end of the Middle Ages, during the dark and troubled times of the 15th century • Dramatic allegories representing virtues and vices • Most famous was Everyman