Download Overview of Cells and Body Systems - Moodle

Introduction to Cells,
Tissues and Body Systems
Life Science
FLSS
All images used are taken from copyright-free sources e.g. Wikicommons Media or produced by UWS staff and are for illustrative purposes.
The human body
• Many interdependent parts acting
together as an integrated whole
• Many structural levels of organisation
• Atoms / molecules  complex organ
systems
Levels of organisation
• chemical
– atoms/molecules
• cell
Systems
– smallest living unit
• tissue
– aggregates of similar
cells
• organ
– Specific function/ several
tissue types
• system
– many organs/ tissues –
specific survival needs
Organs
Tissues
Cellular
Chemical
Atoms and molecules
Atoms eg. Hydrogen (H),
Oxygen (O), Carbon (C)
Molecules e.g.
oxygen molecule
(O2)
H
C
O
O
O
Molecules
Water molecule
Two hydrogen atoms and
an oxygen molecule
joined together
O
H
H
Glucose molecule
Uws Staff (2015)
Cells
• Small community with all component
parts essential to maintain life
• Cells have certain common features
LadyofHats: (2006) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Animal_cell_structure_en.svg
Cell
Cell organelles
• Plasma
membrane
•
encloses cell contents
• Cytosol
(cytoplasm)
• fluid filled content of cell
• Organelles
• structures within the cell
with specific functions
"0312 Animal Cell and Components" by OpenStax College - Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013.. Licensed under CC BY 3.0 via
Wikimedia Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:0312_Animal_Cell_and_Components.jpg#/media/File:0312_Animal_Cell_and_Components.jpg
Cell organelles
• Nucleus
• largest organelle
• genetic material, DNA
• Mitochondria
• sausage-shaped
• energy supply
• Ribosomes
• small granular
structures
• protein synthesis
"0315 Mitochondrion new" by OpenStax College - Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site.
http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013.. Licensed under CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:0315_Mitochondrion_new.jpg#/media/File:0315_Mitochondrion_new.jpg
"Ribosme symbol" by Jerome Walker - Own work. Licensed under CC BY 2.5 via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ribosme_symbol.svg#/media/File:Ribosme_symbol.svg
Cell organelles
Rough – studded
with ribosomes for
protein synthesis
Smooth – steroid
hormone synthesis
• Golgi
apparatus
Modifies and
packages proteins for
secretion
"0313 Endoplasmic Reticulum" by OpenStax College - Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site.
http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013.. Licensed under CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:0313_Endoplasmic_Reticulum.jpg#/media/File:0313_Endoplasmic_Reticulum.jpg
"0314 Golgi Apparatus" by OpenStax College - Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site.
http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013.. Licensed under CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:0314_Golgi_Apparatus.jpg#/media/File:0314_Golgi_Apparatus.jpg
• Endoplasmic
reticulum
Cell organelles
• Lysosomes
Contain enzymes that
digest non usable cell
components
• Microfilaments
Support and maintain
shape
• Microtubules
Contractile, move cell
and organelles
"Actin strand" by Boumphreyfr - Own work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Actin_strand.png#/media/File:Actin_strand.png
"Erythrocyte" by Jerome Walker - Own work. Licensed under CC BY 2.5 via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Erythrocyte.svg#/media/File:Erythrocyte.svg
Variety of cells types
"Derived Neuron schema with no labels" by Dhp1080, svg adaptation by Actam - Image:Neuron.svg. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia
Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Derived_Neuron_schema_with_no_labels.svg#/media/File:Derived_Neuron_schema_with_no_labels.svg
"Anatomy and physiology of animals A sperm" by Original uploader was Sunshineconnelly at en.wikibooks - Transferred from en.wikibooks; transferred to
Commons by User:Adrignola using CommonsHelper.. Licensed under CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anatomy_and_physiology_of_animals_A_sperm.jpg#/media/File:Anatomy_and_physiology_of_animals_A_sperm.jpg
Genes & enzymes
Enzyme 2 Enzyme 3
Enzyme 1
Lipid
molecules
oestrogen
• Genes
– carry a unique molecular code
– instruct ribosomes to make specific enzymes
• Enzymes –
– control chemical reactions in cell
THEREFORE GENES CONTROL THE CELL
CC0 (2012) https://pixabay.com/en/factory-plant-assembly-line-35081/
Tissues
• Cells of similar structure organised to
carry out one or more functions
• 4 main types of tissue
Tissues
1. Epithelial tissue (epithelium)
–
covers and lines body cavities & surfaces
Ruth Lawson. (2007)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anatomy_and_physiology_of_animals_cuboidal_epithelium.jpg
Tissues
2. Connective tissue
- binds, protects, supports
BruceBlaus. (2013)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0012_AdiposeTissue.png
Ganímedes (2013)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Conjuntivo_-_bola_edema.JPG
Tissues
3. Muscle tissue
- Specialised contractile cells; may be skeletal,
cardiac, or smooth
OpenStax College (2013)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1021_Smooth_Muscle_new.jpg
Tissues
4. Nervous tissue
- receives,
conducts and
transmits information
Pearson Scott Foresman (2012) dendrite:
Cahass (2006)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GolgiStainedPyramidalCell.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
Dendrite_(PSF).svg
Organs and Body Systems
• Organ – body part specialised to perform
one or a number of functons
• Body system – group of organs working
closely together
Integumentary (Skin) System
• Forms the external
body covering
• Protects deeper tissue
from injury
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Location of cutaneous
nerve receptors
CommonismNow (2006)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_skin_structure.jpg
Cardiovascular System
• Transports materials
in body via blood
pumped by heart
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Wastes
Sansculotte (2005)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grafik_blutkreislauf.jpg
Lymphatic System
• Returns fluids to
blood vessels
• Involved in
immunity
Blausen Medical Communications, Inc. (2013)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0626_lymphoma.png
Respiratory System
• Keeps blood
supplied with
oxygen
• Removes carbon
dioxide
Michka B (2014)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_respiratory_system_pedagogical_fr.svg
Skeletal System
• Protects and
supports body organs
• Provides muscle
attachment for
movement
• Site of blood cell
formation
• Stores minerals
LadyofHats (2007)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_skeleton_front_en.svg
Muscular System
• Allows locomotion
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat
Termininja (2012)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Muscular_system.svg
Nervous System
• Fast-acting control
system
• Responds to internal and
external change
• Activates muscles and
glands
OpenStax College (2013)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1201_Overview_of_Nervous_System.jpg
Endocrine System
• Secretes regulatory
hormones
Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism
United States Governemnt (2005) The endocrine system
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_system?uselang=engb#mediaviewer/File:Illu_endocrine_system.jpg
Digestive System
• Breaks down food
• Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood
• Eliminates
indigestible material
LadyofHats (2007) : http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Digestive_system_simplified_az.png
Immune System
• Protects body from
infection
United States Government (2006) Lymphatic System
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_lymphatic_system.jpg
Urinary System
• Eliminates
nitrogenous wastes
• Maintains acid – base
balance
• Regulates water and
electrolytes
United States Government (2006) Urinary system
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_urinary_system.jpg
Reproductive System
• Production of offspring
Tsaitgaist (2009) male anatomy
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Male_anatomy_en.svg
http://CFCF (2013) Female Reproductive Lateral
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Female_Reproductive_Lateral.JPG?uselang=en-gb
Survival Needs
• What do cells (and tissues/organs)
need to survive ?
– nutrients and oxygen
– waste removal
• Which systems are involved in these
processes?
Survival needs
• Intake
Water & nutrients - Digestive system
Oxygen - Respiratory system
• Elimination
Carbon dioxide - Respiratory system
Urine - Urinary system
Faeces – Digestive system
Survival needs
• In humans (complex organism), tissues
and organs are both:
– Highly specialised
– Interdependent
• Communication is essential!
Communication systems
• Transport
– Blood, circulatory system
– lymphatic system
• Communication with internal environment
– nervous system
– endocrine system
• Communication with external environment
– special senses
– verbal/ non-verbal communication
Survival needs
• Generally, a number of body activities
are involved in protection /survival of
the body as a whole …
Protection and Survival
• Protection against external environment
– Mainly Integumentary (skin) system:
•
•
•
•
•
invasion by microbes
chemicals
dehydration
reflex action (e.g. in response to pain)
regulation of body temperature
Internal environment
• Human body, millions of cells bathed in
tissue fluid = internal environment
• must be maintained within narrow limits
• Conditions may fluctuate, e.g.
– Water content of blood / fluid intake
– Blood sugar levels / food intake
– Temperature / external environment
Homeostasis
Normal
range
Set
point
Time
UWS Staff (2015)
Homeostasis
• Homeostasis is maintenance of stable internal
environment despite changes in external
environment
• Maintained by control systems
3 basic components:
• Receptor (sensor)
– detects the change
• Control centre
– determines set point, analyzes information and determines
appropriate response
• Effector
– Provides a means for response to the stimulus
Homeostasis
• Disturbance of homeostasis = disease
• First become familiar with normal
healthy body systems!
Steven Rasmussen (2013)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lauren_Mitchell,_41st_AG_World_Championship_2009
_(tone).jpg