Download 1. Biomes

Chapter 3
Today’s Overview:
• Limiting factors
• Tolerance
• How ecosystems change over time
– Primary Succession
– Secondary succession
– Pioneer species
– Climax community
– Off-field succession
Limiting Factor
• Anything that restricts the number of
individuals in a population.
• Includes living and nonliving features
of the ecosystem
Limiting factors include water, food, predators,
temperature, etc.
Tolerance
-Organisms survive best within their range of
tolerance
– Tolerance: the ability of an organism to withstand
fluctuations in biotic and abiotic environmental
factors
How Ecosystems Change Over Time:
-Succession: the gradual process of change and
replacement of the types of species in an
ecosystem
-Primary succession: occurs on a surface where no
ecosystem existed before
5.3: How Ecosystems Change
-Ecological succession: the gradual process of
change and replacement of the types of species in a
community
-Primary succession: a type of succession that
occurs on a surface where no ecosystem existed
before
How Ecosystems Change Over Time:
-Succession: the gradual process of change and
replacement of the types of species in an
ecosystem
-Primary succession: occurs on a surface where no
ecosystem existed before
-Secondary succession: occurs on a surface where
an ecosystem has previously existed
-Occurs in ecosystems that have been disturbed or
disrupted by humans, animals, or natural processes
-Secondary succession: occurs on a surface where
an ecosystem has previously existed
-Occurs in ecosystems that have been disturbed or
disrupted by humans, animals, or national processes
-Pioneer species: the first organisms to colonize any
newly available area and begin the process of ecological
succession
Fireweed: colonizes
land after it has been
burned by fire
-Secondary succession: occurs on a surface where
an ecosystem has previously existed
-Occurs in ecosystems that have been disturbed or
disrupted by humans, animals, or national processes
-Pioneer species: the first organisms to colonize any
newly available area and begin the process of ecological
succession
-Climax community: a final and stable community
-Secondary succession can be a good thing especially
when an area is cleared out by natural fires
-Secondary succession: occurs on a surface where
an ecosystem has previously existed
-Occurs in ecosystems that have been disturbed or
disrupted by humans, animals, or national processes
-Pioneer species: the first organisms to colonize any
newly available area and begin the process of ecological
succession
-Climax community: a final and stable community
-Secondary succession: occurs on a surface where
an ecosystem has previously existed
-Occurs in ecosystems that have been disturbed or
disrupted by humans, animals, or national processes
-Pioneer species: the first organisms to colonize any
newly available area and begin the process of ecological
succession
-Climax community: a final and stable community
-Secondary succession can be a good thing especially
when an area is cleared out by natural fires
-Off-field succession: occurs when farmland is
abandoned
Today’s Overview:
• Limiting factors
• Tolerance
• How ecosystems change over time
– Primary Succession
– Secondary succession
– Pioneer species
– Climax community
– Off-field succession
Section 3.2: Biomes
What is a biome?
Biome:
A group of ecosystems with the same climax
communities.
Section 3.2: Biomes
6.1: What is a biome?
Biome:
A group of ecosystems with the same climax
communities.
-Biomes are classified according to:
-Predominant vegetation
-Climate
-Adaptations of organisms to that particular
environment
Biomes and vegetation:
-The type of plants that grow in an area determine
the type of organisms that can live there
-Adaptations found in plants of a certain biome are
indicative of the characteristics of that biome
Ex. Plants in the desert vs. plants in rainforests
Biomes have specific climates.
-Climate: the weather conditions in an
area over a long period of time
-The climate of a biome is determined by
its temperature and precipitation
Latitude and altitude are what cause biomes to differ in
climate and vegetation
-Latitude: the distance north or south of the equator
Latitude and Altitude
Latitude and altitude are what causes biomes to differ in
climate and vegetation
-Latitude: the distance north or south of the equator
-Altitude: the height of an object above sea level
Biome Booklet
Estuary
Tundra
Taiga
Desert
Grassland
Deciduous forest
Tropical rain forest
• Printer paper
• Colored pencils
• Directions:
-One page per biome
-Each page must have:
1. Name of biome
2. Best definition
3. Location
4. Three interesting facts
5. Illustration
Tropical Rain Forest
• Located near the
Earth’s equator
• Humid, warm,
receive 200-450 cm
of rain/year
• Wide variety of
plants and animals
• Many layers of plant
communities
Temperate Forest
• Lots of precipitation but
moderate temperatures
• Shrubs, ferns, and pines
are typically found here
• Rarely freezes because
nearby ocean waters keep
moderate winds blowing
through the forest
• Example: Pacific
northwest
Temperate Deciduous Forest
• Trees drop leaves each fall
• Frequent in North America
• Dominate vast regions of
the earth
• Thrives in a vast range of
temperatures
• Deciduous forest floor
receives more light,
allowing for the growth of
ferns and shrubs close to
the ground
Taiga
• The northern
coniferous forest
• Long winters, average
temperatures are
extremely low
• Extremely short
growing season
• Found above 30 deg. N
• Confers are frequent
Savannas
• Located near the equator (across Africa and
South America)
• Marked by a rain and dry season
• Migratory animals found here
Temperate Grassland
• Dominated by prairie
grasses and has very
few trees
• Harsh, dry
• Very fertile soil
• Found across the
Midwestern US and
throughout China
Chaparral
• Dominated by broadleafed evergreen
shrubs
• Example: California
Hills
• Plants include lowlying, evergreen shrubs
and small trees that
grow in patches
Desert
• Receives less than 25cm
of precipitation per year
• Two types: Hot deserts
(Sonoran Desert) and
cold deserts (Gobi
Desert)
• Plants have adaptations
for conserving water
• Most animals are
nocturnal
Tundra
• Located primarily north of the Arctic Circle
• Layer of permafrost (permanently frozen soil) is
found underneath the topsoil
• Dominated by mosses and lichens (which don’t
require much soil)