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Orientating ourselves How movements are described, and official terms for directions and orientation Movements Flexion Flexion is (mostly) closing a joint. The major exception is shoulder flexion – which is when the arm is raised. The spine is flexed when we curl over. Extension Extension is opening a joint, except for the shoulder when the arm is brought down. The spine is extended when we uncurl, or arch backwards. Abduction A movement away from the body‘s centre, towards the outside, is abduction. Adduction Adduction is the opposite of abduction – moving towards the body’s middle. Rotation Rotation is a movement around an axis. Think of a wheel spinning in snow, or a pirouette. Supination Turning the lower arm so that the thumb is outside, or turning the foot inside edge up so that the big toe leaves the floor are both supination. Pronation The opposite of supination, is pronation – thumb turns towards the inside, and little toe leaves the floor. Pelvis movements Naturally, movements of the pelvis are simultaneously movements of the lower back. When standing against a wall it is possible to roll the pelvis in to press the lower back against the wall. This is tipping the pelvis backwards, or posterior (see table below). The opposite, rolling the pelvis out to increase the space between the wall and the lower back. This position, very commonly seen in dancers, is called anterior pelvis (tipped forwards). Planes and axes A plane is a theoretical surface that can be projected upon or into a body. It gives a twodimensional cross-section at any level of the body, upon which we can analyse or measure movements. There are three planes, all perpendicular to one another. Orientating ourselves. M.Squire,BAC PHfT. Dezember 2015 Seite 1 An axis is an imaginary line through a single point around which movements can be measured. The movement takes place in a certain plane, around a certain axis. Therefore, as there are three planes, there are three axes. The Frontal Plane This is also called the „coronary“ plane, and is projected onto the body parallel to the forehead. One can compare all the joint pairs on the frontal plane (eyes, shoulders, knees etc). Through the frontal plane we can project an axis, called the sagital axis, which is like an arrow going from front to back. This axis describes movements of abduction and adduction. Orientating ourselves. M.Squire,BAC PHfT. Dezember 2015 Seite 2 Groupwork: - Describe the frontal plane and the sagital axis to the other groups, giving 5 examples of bodily movements and 5 Dance movements performed on this plane around this axis. - Try and include as much of the new vocabulary as possible! The Sagittal Plane The sagital plane can be imagined as cutting the body from front to back. Perpendicular to the sagital plane, is the transversal axis which is the axis of flexion and extension. Groupwork: - Describe the sagital plane and the transversal axis to the other groups, giving 5 examples of bodily movements and 5 Dance movements performed on this plane around this axis - Try and include as much of the new vocabulary as possible! Orientating ourselves. M.Squire,BAC PHfT. Dezember 2015 Seite 3 The Transversal Plane The transversal plane can be imagined as a horizontal cut through the body. It can be imagined at any height in the body, but is always parallel to the foot sole. This axis which is perpendicular to the transversal plane, is the axis up and down through the length of the body and is used to describe rotations. Groupwork: - Describe the transversal plane and the longitudinal axis to the other groups, giving 5 examples of bodily movements and 5 Dance movements performed on this plane around this axis - Try and include as much of the new vocabulary as possible! Orientating ourselves. M.Squire,BAC PHfT. Dezember 2015 Seite 4 Orientating oneself within the body/room cranial Towards the head caudal Towards the feet medial Towards the body’s centre/ inner lateral Away from the body’s centre/ outer anterior Front posterior Back superior Upper inferior Lower ventral Front side dorsal Back side palmar (towards) the palm of the hand plantar (towards) the sole of the foot proximal distal Near the body’s centre Away from the body’s centre supination Turning the thumb or the big toe out to the outside pronation Turning the thumb or the big toe down towards the middle (inside) supine Laying face up prone Laying face down Lordosis Kyphosis Hyper- Spine curve in the sagital plane, concave towards the back (or convex to the front) As above, convex towards the back (or concave to the front) More than normal Orientating ourselves. M.Squire,BAC PHfT. Dezember 2015 Seite 5 Hypo- Less than normal Orientating ourselves. M.Squire,BAC PHfT. Dezember 2015 Seite 6