Download File

Chapter 9 Guided Notes
Sarah Bowden and Brooke Janik
9.1: Functions and Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Key Terms:
● Alveolar capillary membrane _______________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
____
● Alveoli - air sacs in the lungs from which gas is exchanged with the capillaries
● Bronchioles - the thin-walled branches of the bronchi; the smallest airconducting passageways of the bronchi. The terminal bronchioles conduct a
small amount of gas exchange in the respiratory zone
● Cardiopulmonary system - the collective name for the respiratory and
cardiovascular systems; these systems work together to conduct gas exchange
● Conchae ________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
● Epiglottis - a flap of cartilaginous tissue that covers the opening to the trachea;
diverts food and liquids to the esophagus during swallowing
● Larynx - a triangular-shaped space inferior to the pharynx that is responsible for
voice production; the voice box
● __________________________ - the area of the thoracic cavity between the
lungs; houses the heart, great blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct,
thums gland, and other structures
● Nares - the two openings in the nose through which air enters; nostrils
● Olfactory receptors - sensory cells in the olfactory region that provide the sense
of smell
● Palate - the structure consisting of hard and soft components that separates the
oral and nasal cavities; the roof of the mouth
● Pharynx - the muscular passageway that extends from the nasal cavity to the
mouth and connects to the esophagus; _______________________________
● Pleural Sac - the thin, double-walled serous membrane that surround the lungs
● Pores of Kohn - small openings in the alveolar walls that allow gasses and
macrophages to travel between the alveoli
● _________________________ - the two passageways that branch off the
trachea and lead to the right and left lungs
● Sinuses - the air-filled cavities that surround the nose
● Surfactant - a phospholipid that reduces the surface tension in the alveoli and
prevents them from collapsing
● Thyroid Cartilage - the largest cartilaginous plate in the larynx; the Adam’s
Apple
●
●
________________ - clusters of lymphatic tissue in the pharyn that function as
the first line of defense against infection
Trachea - the air tube that extends from the larynx into the thorax, where it splits
into the right and left bronchi; _____________________________________
Figures
Major respiratory structures:
● Nasal cavity
●
●
●
●
●
___________________
Larynx
Trachea
___________________
Lungs
Major regions of the pharynx:
● ____________________
● Oropharynx
● Laryngopharynx
Major regions of upper respiratory
tract:
● Nasal cavity
● Pharynx
● Larynx
● _____________________
Sinuses:
● Frontal
● __________________
● __________________
● Maxillary
Interior of Lungs:
● _______________________
● Trachea
○ _________________
● Primary bronchi
○ Secondary
○ Tertiary
● Bronchiole
● Alveoli
Alveolar Sacs:
● Clusters of alveoli
● Pulmonary gas exchange
occurs
● ______________
______________
______________
Outerior of Lungs:
● Left Lung
○ ________________
○ Mediastinum
●
Right Lung
○ ________________
● Pleural sac
● Appex
● Base
Summary
●
Nasal Cavity contains
________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
● Pharynx is the muscular tube that connects to the Larynx
● Epiglottis
__________________________________________________________
● Alveoli are connected to bronchioles and where gas exchange occurs
● Left lung is _______________ than right lung because of the
_________________
9.2: Respiration: Mechanics and Control
Key Terms:
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
_____________________ - A chemical receptor cell that monitors changes in the pH of
the cerebrospinal fluid in an efforts to regulate carbon dioxide levels and respiration
Expiration - the process by which air expelled from the lungs; _________
Expiratory reserve volume - the additional amount of air that can be exhaled, or
_____________________________, immediately after a normal exhalation
External respiration - the process by which ______________ occurs between the
alveoli in the lungs and the pulmonary blood
Forced expiratory volume in ______________ - the amount of air that a person can
expire in one second
Forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity - the _______
___________ power of the lungs
______________________________ - the amount of air that remains in the lungs after
a normal expiration; ERV + RV
Hering-Breuer reflex - an involuntary impulse triggered by stretch receptors in the
bronchioles and alveoli that
_________________________________________________
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
_______________ - the process by which air flow into the lungs; inhalation
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) - the amount of air that can be inhaled immediately
after a ________________________
________________________ - the process of gas exchange between the tissues and
arterial blood
Mechanoreceptors - chemical receptor cells that detect muscle contraction and force
generation during exercise; they quickly ____________ respiration rates when exercise
begins
Peripheral chemoreceptors - sensory receptor cells located in the aortic arch and
carotid arteries that are _____________________________ in blood oxygen level
_____________________ - the process of continuously moving air in and out of the
lungs
Residual volume (RV) - the volume of air that never leaves the lungs, even after most
______________________
Respiration - the process by which the lungs provide oxygen to body tissues and
dispose of carbon dioxide; ______________
___________________________ - the process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide
and transported to and from the lungs and tissues
Tidal volume (TV) - the amount of air inhaled in a ______________________
___________________________________ (TLC) - a combination of the vital capacity
plus the residual volume; IRV + TV + ERV + RV
●
Figures
Respiration:
●
Inspiration
○
○
○
●
Also called inhalation
When air flows into the lungs
External intercostal muscles
_________ & thoracic
cavity ___________
________________
○
○
Also called exhalation
______________________
○
○
●
______________________
External intercostal muscles
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
Boyle’s law states that as volume
of gas__________, pressure ___________.
Nonrespiratory Air Maneuvers:
●
●
●
●
Cough
Sneeze
Hiccup
____________
Control of Breathing:
● ______________________
○ Pons and medulla oblongata work
together to create a normal breathing
pattern
● Chemical Factors
○ _________________________
■ Within centers of the brain
○ Peripheral chemoreceptors
■ In aorta and carotid arteries
○ ______________________________
■ In muscles and joints
Lung Volume Graph
●
●
Tidal ________________
Vital capacity
●
●
●
●
●
Residual volume
_____________________
_____________________
Inspiratory reserve volume
____________________
____________________
Total lung capacity
Summary
●
The main function of the respiratory system is __________________. Gas exchanges
supplies the body with fresh oxygen while removing ______________ __________.
●
●
●
●
The external intercostal muscles are involved in inspiration, not expiration.
Normal breathing is an active process.
Neural and chemical factors play a vital role in breathing control.
The __________________ and _______________ of breathing are controlled by the
areas located in the medulla and pons.
●
____________________ is based on age, height, weight, gender and race.
9.3: Respiratory Diseases and Disorders
●
●
●
●
Key Terms:
Acute bronchitis - a temporary_____________________________________________
that line the trachea and bronchial passageways; causes a cough that may produce
mucus
__________________ - disease of the lungs characterized by recurring episodes of
airway inflammation causing bronchospasm and increased mucus production
Bronchospasm - spasmodic contractions of the bronchial muscles that _________
____________________ in the lungs during an asthma attack
___________ ___________ - a long-lasting respiratory condition in which the airways of
the lungs become obstructed due to inflammation of the bronchi and excessive mucus
production
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) - any lung disorder characterized by
a ____________-_____________________________, making it difficult to breathe
Emphysema - chronic inflammation of the lungs characterized by an abnormal increase
in the air spaces near the bronchioles; causes an accumulation of ______________
____________________ in the lungs
___________________ - excessive ventilation that leads to abnormal expulsion of
carbon dioxide
Influenza - a viral infection that affects the respiratory system; ____________________
_______________________ - inflammation of the larynx, or voice box
Nasopharyngitis - inflammation of the nasal passages and pharynx; ___________
_______________________
Pharyngitis - inflammation of the pharynx, or throat
________________ - an infection of the lungs that causes inflammation; caused by a
virus, bacterium, fungus, or - in rare cases - parasites
Sinusitis - inflammation of the ____________________
Tonsillitis - inflammation of the ___________________
________________________ (TB) - a highly contagious bacterial infection caused by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Figures
Common Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses:
●
●
●
●
__________ ______
Sinusitis
Laryngitis
Tonsillitis
Decreases Functionality and Capacity of Lungs:
●
●
●
_______________________
Bronchitis
Restrictive Disease
Peak Flow Meter:
●
●
__________________________
__________________________
Asthmatics blow into to move marker up
the scale
Summary
●
●
●
Common upper respiratory tract infections include Pharyngitis, Laryngitis, Sinusitis, and
Tonsillitis
Emphysema, Bronchitis, and Restrictive Disease
________________________________
Many disorders and diseases are associated with ____________________________
●