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JOINTS
of the
Skeletal System
JOINTS
Definition
Function
Joints (articulations) are
functional junctions between
bones.
Bind parts of the skeletal system.
Joints vary considerably in
structure and function.
Make possible bone growth
Permit parts of the skeleton to
change during childbirth.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF JOINTS
By degree of Movement
By Type of Tissue that binds bones
together at each junction.
 Immovable
Synarthrotic
• Fibrous
 Slightly Movable
Amphiarthrotic
• Cartilaginous
 Freely Movable
Diarthrotic
• Synovial
JOINTS
• 3 Types of Joints by Tissue Type.
• Fibrous- Immovable, Synarthrotic
:connect bones, no movement. (skull and pelvis).
( exception- fibrous joint between distal
ends of
tiba and fibula have limited movement)
• Cartilaginous- slightly movable, Amphiarthrotic
bones are attached by cartilage(hyaline), a little
movement (spine, first rib, symphysis pubis).
• Synovial- freely movable, Diarthrotic much more
movement than cartilaginous joints. Articular
ends of the bones are covered with hyaline
cartilage and a surrounding, tubular capsule of
dense connective tissue holds them together.
Most Joints within the Skeleton are
Synovial Joints
Figure 5.28
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 5.51
KNEE JOINT
TERMS TO KNOW
The articular ends of the bones in a
synovial joint are covered with hyaline
cartilage and a surrounding tubular
capsule of dense connective tissue
holding them together Joint Capsule.
Joint Capsule-composed of an outer
layer of ligaments and an inner lining
of synovial membrane, which secretes
synovial fluid. (like uncooked egg
whites that lubricate joints)
•
Menisci-flattened, shock absorbing
pads of fibrocartilage between the
articulating surfaces of bones. (in
some joints).
•
Bursae-joints that contain menisci
may also have fluid filled sacs
assoc. w/them. Each bursae are
lined w/synovial membrane.
Commonly located between
tendons and underlying bony
prominences. Aid in the movement
of tendons that glide.
•
Types of Synovial Joints Based on
Shape and Movement
Figure 5.29a–c
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide
Types of Synovial Joints Based on
Shape and Movement
Figure 5.29d–f
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Largest group in the skeleton
BALL AND SOCKET
Characteristics.
•
Bone w/egg shaped head
articulates w/cup shaped cavity
of another bone.
•
Wider range of motion/permits
mvmt in all planes.
•
Allows rotational mvmnt around
a central axis.
•
Shoulder and hip
CONDYLOID/ELLIPSOIDAL JOINT
Characteristics
•
Oval shaped condyle of one bone fits
into elliptical cavity of another bone.
•
Between metacarpals and phalanges
•
Variety of movement in diff planes.
•
No rotational mvmt.
GLIDING JOINTS OR PLANE JOINTS
Characteristics

Articulating surfaces are nearly
flat or slightly curved.

Most joints of the wrist and the
ankle.

Articular processes of adjacent
vertebrae.

Allow sliding and twisting.

Sacroiliac joints and joints
formed by ribs 2-7 w/sternum.
HINGE JOINT
Characteristics
•
Convex surface of one bone fits
into the concave surface of
another.
•
Elbow, phalanges, knee.
PIVOT JOINT
Characteristics
• Cylindrical surface of one
bone rotates w/in a ring
formed of bone and ligament.
• Mvmt limited to the rotation
around a central axis.
• Joint between prox and distal
ends of radius and ulna.
SADDLE JOINT
characteristics
• This type of joint occurs
when the touching
surfaces of two bones
have both concave and
convex regions with the
shapes of the two
bones complementing
one other and allowing
a wide range of
movement.
• (Thumb)
THE SHOULDER JOINT IN DETAIL
Ball and Socket- Synovial
•
Head of humerus
•
Glenoid cavity of scapula
•
Coracoid/acromion processes of
scapula
•
Dense connective tissue/muscle hold
together.
•
Capsule loose-unable to support
alone/muscles and ligaments aid.
•
Tendons of several muscles blend
w/fibrous layer of capsule/form rotator
cuff –supports shoulder.
Ligaments of shoulder joint
•
Coracohumeral ligament-broad band
of conn tissue, connects coracoid
process of scapula to the greater
tubercle of the humerus. Strengthens
the superior portion of the joint
capsule.
•
Glenohumeral ligaments- 3 bands of
fibers that appear as thickenings in the
ventral wall of the joint capsule.
Extend from edge of glenoid cavity to
lesser tubercle of the anatomical neck
of humerus.
Ligaments of Shoulder Joint continued
•
Transverse Humeral Ligament-narrow
sheet of conn tissue, runs btwn lesser
and greater tubercles of the humerus.
Forms a canal thru which the long
head of the biceps brachii muscle
passes.
Watch the following rotator cuff
repair and shoulder tutorial
.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z
C4sN_uC8dQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D
3GVKjeY1FM
Glenoid Labrum and Bursae
•
Glenoid Labrum-comp. of fibrocartilage.
Attached along margin of glenoid cavity
and form a rim w/ thin free edge that
deepens the cavity.
•
Subscapular bursa-btwn joint capsule
and tendon of subscapularis muscle.
•
Subdeltoid bursa-btwn joint capsule and
deltoid muscle.
•
Subacromial bursa-btwn joint capsule
and acromion process of scapula.
•
Subcoracoid bursa-btwn joint capsule
and coracoid process of scapula.
Continuous w/synovial cavity
SHOULDER JOINT
Ligaments and Bursae
Characteristics
•
Shoulder joint capable of wide range of
movement b/c of looseness of
attachments and large articular surface
of humerus compared to shallow depth of
glenoid cavity.
•
Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction,
rotation circumduction.
•
Weak b/c bones mainly held together by
supporting muscles instead of bony
structures and strong ligaments.
•
Easily displaced/dislocated.
•
Dislocations/displacements commonshoulders, knees, fingers and jaw.
ELBOW JOINT IN DETAIL- HINGE JOINT COMBO
W/PLANE JOINT
Includes
•
2 articulations-1) hinge joint btwn
trochlea of humerus and trochlear
notch of ulna- elbow joint 2) plane joint
btwn capitulum of the humerus and a
shallow depression (fovea) on the
head of the radius. Radio-ulnar joint
•
Joint capsule completely encloses and
holds together.
•
Ulnar and radial collateral ligaments
thicken the 2 joints and fibers from a
muscle (brachialis) in the arm reinforce
its anterior surface.
•
Ulnar collateral ligament-thick band of
dense connective tissue.
•
Radial collateral ligament- strengthens
the lateral wall of the joint capsule.
•
Anular ligament of the radius-encircles
the head of the radius keeping the
head in contact w/ the radial notch of
the ulna.
•
Adipose tissue- form pads btwn syn
membrane and fibrous portion of joint
capsule.
Movement
•
Hinge-type movement between
humerus and ulna.
•
Rotation- head of radius is free to
rotate in the anular ligament. Allows
pronation, supination of the forearm.
HIP JOINT- BALL AND SOCKET
Includes
Major Ligaments of hip joint
•
Head of femur
•
Ileofemoral ligament
•
Acetabulum
•
Pubofemoral ligament
•
Ligament capitus- attaches to a pit
(fovea capitus) on head of the femur
and to connective tissue in
acetabulum-this attachment carries bv
to head of femur.
•
Ishiofemoral ligament
•
Muscles surrd joint capsule of hip
•
Tighter than shoulder
Acetabular labrum-horse shoe shaped
ring of fibrocartilage at rim of
acetabulum- deepens acetabulum.
•
Wide variety of mvmtflexion,extension,abduction,rotation
circumduction
•
One of the most replaced joints
•
KNEE JOINT
Characteristics
•
Largest and most cx synovial joint.
•
Consists of: medial and lateral
condyles at distal end of femur and
the medial and lateral condyles at the
proximal end of the tibia.
•
Femur also articulates anteriorly w/
patella.
•
Functions largely as a hinge jointflexion and extension.
•
Articulations btwn femur and tibia
allow for some rotation
•
Joint btwn femur and patella –plane
joint.
•
Joint capsule is thin, ligaments and
tendons strengthen it.
Ligaments that strengthen joint capsule
2 ligaments in the joint.
•
Patellar ligament
•
Oblique popliteal
• Anterior cruciate ligament
•
Arcurate popliteal ligament
• Posterior cruciate ligament
•
Tibial collateral ligament
•
2 Menisci
•
Fibular collateral ligament
•
Several bursae
•
Cruciate ligaments
• Suprapatellar
• Prepatellar
• Infrapatellar
Movement
•
Basic structure of knee joint permits
flexion and extension-hinge joint.
•
Aslo when knee is flexed rotation is
possible.
JOINTS AND MOVEMENT
• Skeletal muscle action prod. mvmt at synovial joints.
• One end of muscle attached to a relatively immovable
or fixed part on one side of a joint, and the other end of
the muscle is fastened to a movable part on the other
side.
• When the muscle contracts its fibers pull its movable
end, the insertion toward it’s fixed end. The origin and
its movement occurs at the joint.
TYPES OF MOVEMENT TO KNOW
•
Flexion- bending parts at a joint so that the angle between bones decreases and the parts
come closer together. Bicep curl
•
Extension-Straightening parts at a joint so that the angle between them increases and
parts move farther apart. Straightening knee.
•
Hyperextension-the extension of the parts at a joint beyond anatomical position. Bending
head back beyond upright position. Often results in injury.
•
Dorsiflexion-Movement at the ankle the bring foot closer to the shin. Rocking back on
heels.
•
Plantar Flexion-Movement at ankle that brings foot farther from shin. Tippy toes.
•
Abduction-Moving part away from midline. Spreading.
•
Adduction-Moving part toward midline. Together.
•
Rotation-Moving a part around an axis. Medial rotation toward midline. External away
from midline
TYPES OF MOVEMENT CONTINUED
•
Circumduction-Moving a part so that its end follows a circular path. Moving finger in
circular motion w/out moving hand.
•
Supination-Rotation of the forearm so the palm is upward or facing anteriorly. In
anatomical position. Supine- lying face up on back.
•
Pronation-Rotation of the forearm so the palm is downward or facing posteriorly. Pronebody lying face down.
•
Eversion-Turning the foot so the plantar surface faces laterally.
•
Inversion-Turning foot so that the plantar surface faces medially.
•
Protraction-Moving a part forward. Thrusting head forward.
•
Retraction-Moving a part backward. Pulling head backward.
•
Elevation-Raising a part . Shrugging shoulders.
•
Depression-Lowering a part..Drooping shoulders.
IMAGES OF MOVEMENT
IMAGES OF MOVEMENT
IMAGES OF MOVEMENT
IMAGES OF MOVEMENT
IMAGES OF MOVEMENT
Diseases and Conditions
of the Skeletal
System/Joints
ARTHRITIS
BURSITIS
•
Inflammation of the Bursa (fluid filled sac surrounding the joint).
•
A bursa can become inflamed from injury, infection (rare in the
shoulder), or due to an underlying rheumatic condition.
•
Bursitis is typically identified by localized pain or swelling,
tenderness, and pain with motion of the tissues in the affected
area.
TENDONITIS
• Sometimes the tendons become inflamed
for a variety of reasons, and the action
of pulling the muscle becomes irritating.
If the normal smooth gliding motion of
your tendon is impaired, the tendon will
become inflamed and movement will
become painful. This is called tendonitis,
and literally means inflammation of the
tendon.
• The most common cause of tendonitis is
overuse.
CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
•
Any condition that causes swelling or a change in position of the
tissue within the carpal tunnel can squeeze and irritate the median
nerve. Irritation of the median nerve in this manner causes tingling
and numbness of the thumb, index, and the middle fingers, a
condition known as "carpal tunnel syndrome."
GOUT
• Gout is a disease that results from an
overload of uric acid in the body. This
overload of uric acid leads to the
formation of tiny crystals of urate that
deposit in tissues of the body, especially
the joints. When crystals form in the
joints it causes recurring attacks of joint
inflammation (arthritis). Chronic gout can
also lead to deposits of hard lumps of
uric acid in and around the joints and
may cause joint destruction, decreased
kidney function, and kidney stones.