Download The Skeletal System - Ms. Cox, Holy Name Central Catholic High

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Elaine N. Marieb
Seventh Edition
Chapter 6
The Skeletal System
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Skeletal System
Made up of 4 types of connective tissue:
1. bones (compact and spongy)
2. marrow (red and yellow)
3. cartilage
4. ligaments
(bone to bone) and
tendons
(bone to muscle)
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Slide 5.1
6 Functions of Bones
1. Support of the body
2. Protection of soft organs
3. Movement due to attached skeletal
muscles
4. Storage of minerals
5. Storage of fats (energy)
6. Blood cell formation
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Slide 5.2
Bones of the Human Body
The skeleton
has 206 bones.
You are required to
name only 22 of them.
Figure
5.2b
Slide 5.3
Bones of the Human Body
Two basic types of bone tissue:
1. Compact bone
∙ composed of osteons
2. Spongy bone
∙ Small needle-like
pieces of bone
∙ Many open spaces
Figure
5.2b
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Slide 5.3
Classification of Bones by Shape
4 Types of bones:
1. Long
2. Short
3. Flat
4. Irregular
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Slide 5.4a
Classification of Bones on the
Basis of Shape
Figure
5.1
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Slide 5.4c
Classification of Bones: Long
Long bones
-Typically longer than wide
-Have a shaft with heads at both
ends
-Contain mostly compact bone
Examples: femur, humerus
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Slide 5.4a
Classification of Bones: Short
Short bones
-Generally cube-shapeshort and wide!
-Contain mostly spongy
bone
Examples: carpals,
tarsals
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Slide 5.4b
Classification of Bones: Flat
Flat bones
-Thin and flattened
-Usually curved
-Thin layers of compact bone
around a layer of spongy
bone
Examples: skull, ribs,
sternum
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Slide 5.5a
Classification of Bones: Flat
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Slide 5.5a
Classification of Bones: Irregular
Irregular bones
-Irregular shape
-Do not fit into other
bone classification
categories
Example: vertebrae
and hip
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Slide 5.5b
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Epiphysis
-Ends of the bone
-Composed mostly of
spongy bone
Diaphysis
-Shaft- length of bone
-Composed of compact
bone
Figure
5.2a
Slide 5.6
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Diaphysis
Figure
5.2a
Slide 5.6
Structures of a Long Bone
1. Periosteum
-Outside covering of the
diaphysis
-Fibrous connective tissue
membrane
2. Nutrient arteries
-Supply bone cells with
nutrients, via diffusion
Figure
5.2c
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Slide 5.7
Structures of a Long Bone
3. Articular cartilage
-Covers the external
surface of the
epiphyses
-Decreases friction at
joint surfaces
Figure
5.2a
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Slide 5.8a
Structures of a Long Bone
4. Medullary cavity
-Cavity of the shaft
-Contains yellow
marrow (mostly fat energy storage) in adults
-In infants, contains red
marrow for blood cell
formation
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Figure
5.2a
Slide 5.8b
Structures of a Long Bone
∙ In adults, red marrow is found mostly in
spongy bone or the epiphysis of a few long
bones.
Figure
5.2a
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Slide 5.8b
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Figure
5.3
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Slide
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Osteon (Haversian System):
A cylindrical unit of bone
Osteocyte: a mature bone cell; found within
tiny cavities of compact bone
Central canal (parallel to shaft of diaphysis):
Opening in the center of an osteon
Carries blood vessels and nerves lengthwise
Slide
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Figure
5.3
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Slide
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Central canal
Slide
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Central canal
Slide
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Figure
5.3
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Slide
4 Types of Bone Cells
osteocytes: Mature bone cells
osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells
Think “b” is for “build”
osteoclasts: Bone-destroying cells
Think “c” is for “corrode”
osteogenic cells: Stem cell with mitotic
potential and the ability to differentiate into an
osteoblast
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Slide 5.15
4 Types of Bone Cells
osteocytes
osteoblasts
osteoclasts
osteogenic cells
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Slide 5.15
Bone Growth
Osteoblasts add bone to external
periosteum.
Osteoclasts remove bone from the
endosteum.
After vertical growth is stopped,
bones in adults grow only in
diameter (width) and thickness (strength).
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Slide
Bone Remodeling
The ongoing forming and break down of bone
tissue (by osteoblasts and osteoclasts,
respectively).
Bone Remodeling is signaled by many factors.
It is necessary to maintain proper bone mass and
to transport nutrients into the body.
Ex. negative feedback system of blood-calcium
levels
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Slide
Negative Feedback Mechanism
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Slide
4 Factors That Affect Bone Growth
Individual’s choices affect width/strength of bone:
-diet: amount of minerals (especially calcium)
-diet: amount of vitamins (especially vitamin D)
-negative feedback mechanisms: production of
hormones (PTH or calcitonin) that signal the
functions of osteoclasts or osteoblasts
-exercise: amount of strain on bone (weight by
gravity or the pulling of muscles)
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Slide
Importance of Calcium
99% in the body: keeps bones
and teeth strong
Facilitates muscle movement, by concentration
gradient
Activates enzymes and active transport
mechanisms
As an electrolyte, helps maintain regular
heartbeat
Bone Fractures
Fracture = a break in a bone
∙ Types of bone fractures
1. Closed (simple) fracture – break that does
not penetrate the skin
2. Open (compound) fracture – broken bone
penetrates through the skin
∙ Bone fractures are treated by reduction
and immobilization
∙ Realignment of the bone
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Slide 5.16
Stages in the Healing of a Bone
Fracture
Figure
5.5
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Slide 5.19
Skull
Fractures
The Axial Skeleton
Axial: Forms the longitudinal part of the
body
∙ Divided into three parts
1. Skull
2. Vertebral column
3. Bony thorax
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Slide
The Axial Skeleton
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Figure
5.6
Slide
Figure
5.7
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Slide
The Vertebral Column
∙ Vertebrae separated
by intervertebral
discs made of
fibrocartilage.
∙ Each vertebrae is
given a name
according to its
location and number.
Figure
5.14
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Slide 5.28
∙ Mnemonic to
remember:
∙ Cervical = breakfast
time 7 am or 7
bones.
∙ Thoracic = lunch
time 12pm or 12
bones.
∙ Lumbar/Sacral=
supper at 5 pm or 5
bones.
Disc Deterioration
∙ Disc can deteriorate
over time due to
chronic use and
injury.
∙ Surgical intervention
is often common to
alleviate pain and
nerve damage.
Abnormal Curvature
∙ Abnormal curvatures can
result from:
1.Poor posture
2.Poor nutrition
3.Genetics/disease
Three types:
Scoliosis, Kyphosis, Lordosis
The Thoracic Cage or Bony Thorax
∙ Protects heart, lungs
and major blood
vessel.
∙ Composed of three
parts:
1.Sternum
2.Ribs
3.Thoracic Vertebrae
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Figure
5.19a
Slide
Bony Thorax: Sternum
∙ Commonly known as
breastbone.
∙ Flat bone made from
the fusion of three
bones:
1.Manubrium
2.Body
3.Xiphoid Process
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Figure
5.19a
Slide
An Evolutionary Perspective…….
Gender Differences of the Pelvis
Figure
5.23c
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Slide 5.39
The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
∙ Composed of two bones:
1. Clavicle – collarbone, keeps “arm in
place” and prevents should dislocation.
2. Scapula – shoulder blade or “wings”
a. Acromioclavicular joint:
∙ These bones allow the upper limb to
have exceptionally free movement
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Slide 5.33
Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Figure 5.20a,
b
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Slide
Bones of the Upper Limb
Upper Arm is formed by a
typical long bone:
1. Humerous (upper
arm)
a. Greater/lesser tubercles: site of
muscle attachment.
b. Surgical neck: often needs
surgery
c. Deltoid tuberosity: deltoid
attaches
d. Radial groove: radial nerve on.
Slide
Bones of the Upper Limb
Upper Arm is formed by a
typical long bone:
e.Trochlea and capitulum:
attaches with lower arm
f. Medial and lateral epicondyle:
all free movement of bent arm.
Slide
Bones: Upper Limb
• The forearm (lower)
has two bones
1. Ulna (“pinky”)
2. Radius (“thumb”)
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Figure
5.21c
Slide
Bones of the Upper Limb
∙ The hand: three
main sections of
bones.
1.Carpals : wrist (8)
2. Metacarpals :palm
(5)
3. Phalanges: fingers
(5, thumb = #1)
Figure
5.22
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Slide 5.36
Upper Limb: Phalanges
∙ The hand: three
main sections of
bones.
1.Carpals : wrist (8
bones)
2. Metacarpals :palm
3. Phalanges: fingers
Figure
5.22
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Slide 5.36
Bones of the Lower Limbs
∙ The thigh has one
bone
∙ Femur – thigh bone
∙ Trochanters =
muscle attacment
∙ Condyles =
articulate with
tibula
∙ Patellar surface
Figure 5.35a,
b
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Slide
Bones of the Lower Limbs
∙ The leg has two bones:
1.Tibia: (“shin”) larger,
medial
∙ Articulate with femur
and patellar.
2.Fibula: thin, distal
∙ Doesn’t form knee joint.
∙ Lateral malleolus forms
outer part of ankle.
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Figure
5.35c
Slide
Bones of the Lower Limbs: Knee
∙ Patella:
∙ Articulates with the
femur
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Figure
5.35c
Slide
Bones of the Lower Limbs
∙ The foot
∙ Tarsus – “ankle”
∙ 7 tarsal bones,
calcaneus (heel)
and talus bear most
weight.
∙ Metatarsals – sole (5)
∙ Phalanges – toes (14)
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Figure
5.25
Slide 5.41
The Skull
∙ Two sets of bones
1. Cranium: encloses brain
2. Facial bones
∙ Bones are joined by sutures:
immoveable joints.
∙ Only the mandible is attached by a
freely movable joint (you can move your
jaw right??? ☺)
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Slide
Figure
5.7
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Slide
Paranasal Sinuses
∙ Hollow portions of bones surrounding
the nasal cavity
Figure
5.10
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Slide