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Define a mineral. List the 5 characteristics 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Explain each term. Naturally Formed Inorganic Crystalline structure Solid Definite Chemical Composition Its chemical composition may be written down in a ___________________ and is fairly consistent or within a ________________ Example: Halite (salt) ____________ Galena (lead) __________ Kinds of Minerals More than ___________ have been identified Fewer than _____________are common These are called _______________-_________________ minerals List the ten that make up _______________ of the crust 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Ferromagnesian minerals Contain _____________ and _________________ Two groups of minerals Based on _________________________ composition _________________________ ___________________________ Silicates—contain a combination of _________________ _________________ Silicates make up more than _______________________ of the Earth’s crust Six Kinds of Silicate Mineral Arrangements Isolated-do not link with other silicon or oxygen atoms Ring—form rings by sharing oxygen atoms Single-chain silicates—form by sharing oxygen atoms Double chain silicates—form when two single chains of tetrahedra bond to each other Sheet silicates—form when each tetrahedron shares three of its oxygen with other tetrahedra Framework silicates--form when each tetrahedron is bonded to four other tetrahedra Silica tetrahedra Lab part 1 Materials Toothpicks 1 small marshmallow 4 large marshmallow See page 106 Lab part 2 Go to the lab stations and note the characteristics on your lab paper Ideas are on the lab paper and on the card with the sample Turn in when finished Lab part 3 Pair up and cut out a sheet of silicon tetrahedron Get a piece of construction paper and assemble the different silicon tetrahedra structures—see the lab sheet or page 107 Label the structures Clean up your mess Nonsilicates List the 6 groups 1. ____________________ Composition ____________________________ Example ___________________ 2. ____________________ ____________________________ ___________________ 3. ____________________ ____________________________ ___________________ 4, ____________________ ____________________________ ___________________ 5. ____________________ ____________________________ ___________________ 6. ____________________ ____________________________ ___________________ Mineral Identification Minerals are identified using their ___________________ ________________________ The properties include crystal form, hardness, cleavage, luster, color, streak, and specific gravity. Crystal Shape There are ______________ basic crystal systems Which one of these is not on page 112? Crystal Form Crystal form is caused by the Quartz is the most commonly identified by its __________________ form Remember the six-sided crystal? Crystal= _________________ Two or more minerals that have the ______________ -___________________ composition but different crystal structures are called ___________________________. Hardness Moh's Scale of Hardness 10 Diamond 9 Corundum 8 Topaz 7 Quartz 6 Feldspar 5 Apatite 4 Fluorite 3 Calcite 2 Gypsum 1 Talc Hardness of some common objects 2.5 3 5 5.5 7 Fingernail Penny Pocket Knife Window Glass Steel File Cleavage The tendency of a mineral to Some have good It depends on the crystal structure and chemical bonds: the stronger the bond the poorer the cleavage. Fracture A break that is not along a ______________________ plane Common type is ____________________ ___________________________. Ex. Quartz Broken glass appearance Or can be splinters and _________________--asbestos Luster The way light _________________________________ from the surface I. Metallic II. Nonmetallic Greasy Silky Pearly Glassy Color Color is good for a few minerals like copper and turquoise, but is _______________a very ____________________ means of identification. The majority of minerals appear in a ________________ of colors. _______________________ can change the color. Streak The color of the ________________________ mineral Much more reliable. Drag the mineral across a __________________ ___________________________. Hematite--______________________-_____________________ to black, but usually reddish brown Limonite--yellowish brown Specific Gravity A mineral’s density d=m/v Density = mass/volume Densities are compared to an equal volume of water There is ___________ ____________________ Quartz -- 2.65 Silver -- 10.5 Gold -- 19.3 There are no units in specific gravity! Other Tests Taste Halite--NaCl has a ___________________ taste Fizz If a mineral contains CO3 it will effervesce (___________________) when you drop dilute ___________________ (hydrochloric acid) on it. Ex. Calcite CaCO3 Feel Talc has a ______________________feel Smell Sulfur has a rotten egg smell Kaolinite has an __________________ smell Others Writes on paper--_____________________________ Rusty look—limonite Double refraction--calcite How to Identify Minerals This film reviews some of the tests covered in your notes. Mineral Lab Test each of the minerals to determine their physical properties, and then identify them using the chart. Fill this in well. The Other box is what nails down the ID and should include main identifying characteristics. This is a major grade.