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Chapter 16 – Reconstruction and the New South (1863-1896) Vocabulary – Key Terms: 1. freedmen men and women who had been slaves 2. amnesty government pardon 3. black codes Southern laws that severely limited the rights of African Americans after the Civil War 4. impeachment to bring charges of serious wrongdoing against a public official 5. scalawag white Southerner who supported the Republicans during Reconstruction 6. carpetbagger uncomplimentary nickname for a Northerner who went to the South after the Civil War 7. sharecropper person who rents a plot of land from another person and farms it in exchange for a share of the crop 8. poll tax tax required before a person can vote 9. literacy test exam to see if a person can read and write; used in the past to restrict voting rights 10. grandfather clause law that excused a voter from a literacy test if his father or grandfather had been eligible to vote on January 1, 1887 11. segregation enforced separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences Key People/Places/Events: 12. Ten Percent Plan - 13. Wade-Davis Bill - 14. Freedmen’s Bureau - 15. Reconstruction 16. Radical Republican - 17. Radical Reconstruction - 18. Reconstruction Act - Lincoln’s plan that allowed a Southern state to form a new government after 10% of its voters swore an oathof loyalty to the US 1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote to hold office to anyone who had volunteered to fight for the Confederacy government agency founded during Reconstruction to help former slaves rebuilding of the South after the Civil War member of Congress during Reconstruction who want to ensure that freedmen received the right to vote period beginning in 1867 when the Republicans who controlled both houses took charge of Reconstruction 1867 law that threw out the Southern state governments who refused to ratify the 14th Amendment 19. Conservatives - 20. Ku Klux Klan - 21. Thirteenth Amendment 22. Fourteenth Amendment 23. Fifteenth Amendment - 24. John Wilkes Booth 25. Andrew Johnson - 26. Hiram Revels 27. Blanche Bruce 28. Homer Plessy - 29. Plessy v. Ferguson - 30. Jim Crow Laws - 31. “New South” - white Southerners who resisted change during the Reconstruction secret society organized in the South after the War to reassert white supremacy by means of violence 1865 – bans slavery throughout the nation 1868 – guarantees equal protection of the laws 1869 – forbids any state to deny African Americans the right to vote because of race Confederate sympathizer who assassinated Lincoln 17th US President who proposed a more lenient plan of Reconstruction African American who served in the Senate African American who served in the Senate arrested for sitting in a “white” section of a coach of a railroad car – set precedent for “Separate but Equal” rule. 1896 court case in which the Supreme Court ruled that Segregation in public facilities was legal as long as the facilities were equal laws that separated people of different races in public places in the South term to describe the South in the late 1800s when efforts were made to expand the economy by building up industry Chapter 16 – Reconstruction & the New South (1863 – 1896) Section 1 – Rebuilding the Nation Obj: to discuss why postwar problems were more severe in the South than in the North; to list the early steps that were taken toward Reconstruction; and, to explain how the assassination of Lincoln and the inauguration of a new President led to conflict After four years of war, both northerners and southerners had to adjust to a changed world. Victorious North – o Economic problems o Union soldiers needed jobs o Factories were laying off workers after war orders now being cancelled o North lost more soldiers than South, but more battles on Southern soil o Northern farms and cities were hardly touched. Defeated South – o Ex-soldiers had little chance of picking up where they had left off o In some areas, every house, barn and bridge had been destroyed o Two thirds of their railroad had been turned into twisted heaps of scrap o Cities had been leveled o Financial system wrecked o Confederate money worthless o Loans never repaid o Society changed forever Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan – 1863 o Ten Percent Plan – under this plan southern states could form a new government after 10% of its voters swore an oath of loyalty to the United States. o New government had to abolish slavery o Voters could elect members of Congress and take part in national government o Amnesty offered to Confederates who swore loyalty to the Union But this would not apply to former leaders of the Confederacy Rival Proposal – o Many Republicans felt 10% too generous o 1864 – Wade-Davis Bill a rival plan for Reconstruction It required a majority of white men in each southern state to swear loyalty to the Union. It also denied the right to vote or hold office to anyone who had volunteered to fight for the Confederacy Lincoln refused to sign the Wade-Davis bill because he felt it was too harsh. Freedmen’s Bureau – o Congress and Lincoln agreed on this proposal o Created to help former slaves o It gave them food and clothing and tried to find them jobs o It helped poor whites as well o It provided medical care for more than one million people o It set up schools for freedmen This laid the plan for the South’s public school system and created colleges for African Americans Lincoln hoped to persuade Congress to accept his Reconstruction plan, but never got the chance. April 14, 1865 – just five days after Lee’s surrender, Lincoln was assassinated by popular actor from the south, John Wilkes Booth. He died the next morning Booth was later caught and killed in a barn outside the city Nation plunged into grief. Vice President Andrew Johnson was now President. Johnson’s Plan – o His plan milder than strict Reconstruction plan of Lincoln. o It called for a majority of voters in each southern state to pledge loyalty to the United States. o Each state also had to ratify the 13th Amendment, which Congress had approved in January 1865. o Southern states quickly met Johnson’s conditions o Republicans in Congress were outraged. o Also no southern state allowed African Americans to vote. When the new Congress met, Republicans refused to let southern representatives to take their seats. Instead, they set up a Joint committees on Reconstruction to form a new plan for the South. The stage was set for a showdown between Congress and the President Chapter 16 – Reconstruction & the New South (1863 – 1896) Section 2 – The Battle Over Reconstruction Obj: to describe how Congress reacted to the passage of black codes in the South; to explain how Radical Republicans gained power in Congress; to discuss why President Johnson was impeached; to identify the groups of people that made up the new forces in Southern politics; to describe how Southern Conservatives resisted Reconstruction; challenges the government faces; and, to explain how many Southerners became locked in to a cycle of poverty After war, most states promptly ratified the Thirteenth Amendment. Southern legislature also passed black codes. o They could marry legally and own some kind of property o Kept freedmen from gaining political or economical power o Forbade freemen to vote, own guns or serve on juries o Some states permitted them only work as servants or farm laborers o Had to sign contracts for a year’s work Republicans charged that Johnson’s lenient Reconstruction plan had encouraged southern legislatures to pass the black codes. Joint Committee on Reconstruction accused the South of trying to “preserve slavery….as long as possible” When Johnson ignored report, members of Congress, called Radical Republicans, vowed to take control of Reconstruction. Republican control – o Moderate and radical Republicans disagreed on many issued, but shared a strong political motive – to control both Houses o To combat black codes – Congress passed the Civil Rights Act in April 1866. It gave citizenship to African Americans Johnson vetoed the bill, but Congress overrode the veto. o To avoid a similar ruling to Dred Scott, Republicans proposed the Fourteenth Amendment. (all persons born or naturalized in US, were citizens) Election of 1866 – Radical Program – o 1867 – with huge majorities in both houses, Republicans in Congress prepared to take charge of Reconstruction. o Passed the first Reconstruction Act in March 1867. It threw out the state governments that had refused to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment, and divided the South into five military districts. To join the Union, former Confederate states had to write new constitutions to set up new governments. Former leaders barred from voting. February 24, 1868 – the House voted to impeach Johnson. During his trial it was clear he was not guilty of any wrong-doing, and he served out his remaining few months of his term. 1868 – Ulysses S. Grant elected President. 1869 – the Fifteenth Amendment proposed and ratified in 1870. (At last all African American men over age 21 had the right to vote Radical Reconstruction was different from any government the South had known before. Old leaders lost much of their influence Three groups stepped in to replace them – o White Southern Republics o Northerners o African Americans Most white southerners who had held power before the Civil War resisted Reconstruction. o These Conservatives resented the changes imposed by Congress and enforced by the military. o They were willing to let African Americans vote and hold a few offices, but were determined that real power would remain in the hands of whites. Few wealthy white planters tried to force African Americans back onto plantations. Many farmers who wanted the government to take action against freedmen, now found themselves competing with them for land and power. (most of these white southerners were Democrats) Some white southerners formed secret societies to help them regain power. o The most dangerous, the Ku Klux Klan Violence Murder o Many moderate southerners condemned the violence of the Klan. o 1870 – Congress made it a crime to use force to keep people from voting. Reconstruction governments tried to rebuild the South o Built schools for blacks and whites o Many states gave women the right to own property o Rebuilt railroads, telegraph lines, bridges and roads Corruption in the Reconstruction was widespread, both South and North. During Reconstruction, many freedmen and poor whites became sharecroppers. Many hoped to own their own land one day. Chapter 16 – Reconstruction & the New South (1863 – 1896) Section 3 – The End of Reconstruction Obj: to list events that led to the end of Reconstruction; to explain how the rights of African Americans were restricted in the South after Reconstruction and, to identify industries that flourished in the “New South” By 1870s, Radicals were losing power. Many northerners grew weary of trying to reform the South Time to let southerners run their own governments o Even if it meant that African Americans in the South might lose their rights Widespread corruption also hurt Republicans o Grant appointed many friends to government offices Some used their position to steal large sums of money from the government Grant won reelection in 1872, but many northerners lost faith in Republicans and their politics. 1872 – Congress passed Amnesty Act – they voted solidly Democratic By 1876 – only three southern states; South Carolina, Florida and Tennessee, remained under Republic control Election of 1876 – end of Reconstruction came with this election. Rutherford B. Hayes, Republican, won election. Reconstruction was over. Reconstruction had a deep and lasting impact on southern politics o White southerners had bitter memories of Radical Republican policies and military rule. o For the next hundred years, the South remained a stronghold of the Democratic party. o At the same time, black southerners steadily lost most of their political rights. Conservatives tightened their grip on southern governments, states found new ways to keep African Americans from exercising their rights. o State poll taxes o Literacy tests o Grandfather clauses After 1877 – segregation became the law of the South o Laws separated blacks and whites in schools, restaurants, theaters, trains, streetcars, playgrounds, hospitals and even cemeteries. o These Jim Crow laws, as they were known, trapped southern blacks in a hopeless situation. African Americans brought lawsuits to challenge segregation o 1896 – Plessy v. Ferguson The South’s economy slowly recovered, by 1880 planters were growing as much cotton as they had in 1860. the “New South” used its vast natural resources to build its own industry instead of depending on the North. o More and more textile mills, o tobacco company, o mineral resources; iron ore and coal; o the steel industry; o oil refineries; copper, granite and marble. By the 1890s, many northern forests had been cut down. Still, the South could not keep up with the more rapid-growing North and West.