Download Bio 230 - Microbiology

Bio 230 - Microbiology - Spring 2012
Study Guide 17
http://thebreakthrough.org/blog/images/Energy_cartoon.jpg
Myxobacteria : a group of gram negative
eubacteria, belonging to the delta group of the
proteobacteria.
The myxobacteria ("slime bacteria") are
a group of bacteria that predominantly live
in the soil. The myxobacteria have very
large genomes, relative to other bacteria,
e.g. 9-10 million nucleotides. Sorangium
cellulosum has the largest known (as of
2008) bacterial genome, at 13.0 million
nucleotides. Myxobacteria are included
among the proteobacteria, a large group of
Gram-negative forms.
http://star.tau.ac.il/~eshel/Bio_complexity/11.%20Swarming%20Intelligence/Myxobacteria_files/chondromyces.gif
They were originally
isolated in 1892 by Roland
Thaxter who recognized
them as a distinct and
unusual group of bacteria.
http://myxobacteria.ahc.umn.edu/
http://www.nd.edu/~mcbg/nov10/nov10.2.gif
S-motility
The pilus extends ahead of a cell,
adheres to the fibrils on the cells ahead
of it and then retracts, pulling the leading
end of the piliated cell forward.
A-motility
Cell is pushed by slime secretion.
COUPLING CELL MOVEMENT TO
MULTICELLULAR
DEVELOPMENT IN
MYXOBACTERIA by Dale Kaiser
Nature Reviews Microbiology 1, 45-54
(2003)
Streptomyces is the largest genus of
Actinobacteria and the type genus of the
family Streptomycetaceae. Over 500 species
of Streptomyces bacteria have been
described. As with the other Actinobacteria,
streptomycetes are gram-positive, and have
genomes with high GC-content. Found
predominantly in soil and decaying
vegetation, most streptomycetes produce
spores, and are noted for their distinct
"earthy" odor which results from production
of a volatile metabolite, geosmin.
The complete genome of
one of the strain, "S.
coelicolor" A3(2), was
published in 2002. At the
time, the "S. coelicolor"
genome was thought to
contain the largest number
of genes of any bacterium.
The chromosome is
8,667,507 bp long with a
GC-content of 72.1% and
is predicted to contain
7,825 protein encoding
genes.
http://www.essex.ac.uk/BS/biophysics/Images/Worrall%20Streptomyce%201.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Streptomyces_sp_01.png
ANTIBIOTICS AND BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS ARE
PRODUCED BY STREPTOMYCETES
Antibiotics
streptomycin (Streptomyces griseus)
rifamycin (Amycolatopsis mediterranei)
erythromycin (Saccharopolyspora erythraea) oleandomycin
(Streptomyces antibioticus).
Bioactive compounds
avermectin (Streptomyces avermitilis),
bleomycin (Streptomyces verticillus), and
daunomycin (Streptomyces peuceticus) as antitumor compounds
FK506 (Streptomyces tsukubaensis) as an immunosuppressant
validamycin (Stereptomyces hygroscopicus var. limoneus) as a
treatment of rice sheath blight disease.
http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/mbiotech/hosenkin_lab/Strepto-E.html
http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/mbiotech/hosenkin_lab/Strepto-E.html
Aquifex means water-maker in Latin, and refers to the fact
that its method of respiration creates water.
Aquifex fix carbon dioxide from the environment to get the carbon
that they need. They are chemolithotrophic, which means that they
draw energy for biosynthesis from inorganic chemical sources.
The enzymes this organism uses for aerobic respiration are similar
to the enzymes found in other aerobic bacteria (Deckert et al.
1998). A. aeolicus requires oxygen from the air as an electron
acceptor to oxidize hydrogen gas: 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O
Aquifex is a genus of bacteria, one of the few in the
phylum Aquificae. The two species generally classified in
Aquifex are A. pyrophilus and A. aeolicus.
Both known species of Aquifex are rod-shaped bacteria
with a length of 2 to 6 µm and a diameter of around 0.5
µm. They are non-sporeforming, Gram negative
autotrophs. Aquifex tend to form cell aggregates composed
of up to 100 individual cells.
Aquifex is highly thermophilic, growing best in water temperature
of 85 °C to 95 °C. They are true bacteria as opposed to the other
inhabitants of extreme environments, the Archaea.
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/6/6d/Upstream_of_aquifex_environment.jpg
http://www.geocities.com/awjmuller/jpg_files/reykfig5.jpg
A. aeolicus genome is 1,551,335 bp in length, is densely packed and
contains genes that overlap others. In addition, no introns or protein
splicing elements have been found.. This, along with a reduced
metabolic flexibility, is probably due to the limited genome size; the
genome of this complex organism is only one-third of the E. coli
genome. Comparison of the Aquifex genome to other organisms
showed that 16% of it genes originated from archaea bacteria.
Deinococcus radiodurans
Initially it was placed in the genus Micrococcus. After
evaluation of ribosomal RNA sequences and other
evidence, it was placed in its own genus Deinococcus,
which is closely related to the genus Thermus of heatresistant bacteria; the group consisting of the two is
accordingly known as Deinococcus-Thermus.
The name Deinococcus radiodurans means "strange
berry that withstands radiation". The species was
formerly also called Micrococcus radiodurans and
Deinobacter radiodurans.As a consequence of its
hardiness it has been nicknamed "Conan the Bacterium"
The branches in red are those in which ionizing-radiationresistant taxa have been described. The scale bar represents 10
inferred nucleotide substitutions per 100 nucleotides.
http://www.salinesystems.org/content/figures/1746-1448-1-3-1-l.jpg
When older colonies of D. radiodurans are used, their survival
extends much farther, to around 17kGy (1.7 million rads).
Scientists believe this extreme radiation resistance may be a side
effect of D. radiodurans' ability to survive severe dehydration,
which also fragments DNA. [Nature Biotechnology 18, 85-90
(January 2000)]
At >30 Gy humans die in 48 hrs
http://trishul.sci.gu.edu.au/~bharat/images/Deinococcus.jpg
Trends in Microbiology, Volume 7, Issue 9, 362-365, 1 September 1999
Deinococcus
radiodurans —
the consummate
survivor
Michael M. Cox
and John R.
Battista
Nature Reviews
Microbiology 3,
882-892
(November 2005)
The nucleoid in each compartment is highly condensed and maintains
its overall architecture after irradiation. High levels of Mn(II) might
contribute to the recovery from DNA damage. A wide range of
enzymes probably also contribute to genome reconstitution.
A mechanism of error-free double-strand-break repair that is initiated by creating 3' overhangs from the ends
of the broken DNA duplex (green in the figure). One of these 3' ends invades a homologous region on an
undamaged sister duplex (blue in the figure), priming DNA synthesis and creating a D-loop that acts as a
template or DNA synthesis primed by the other 3' end. If displaced, the newly synthesized DNA can anneal,
closing the double-strand break. Newly synthesized DNA is coloured red.
Lyme Disease
Tertiary Lyme disease is a late, persistent inflammatory disease
characterized by skin changes, neurological and musculoskeletal
symptoms caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi transmitted
by the bite of a deer tick. Tertiary Lyme disease is indicated by
chronic arthritis.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/17244.jpg
http://www.wadsworth.org/databank/hirez/hechemy2.gif
Borrelia cells average 0.2 to 0.5 µm by 4 to 18 µm, and have fewer
coils than Leptospira . The periplasmic flagella originate from
either end of the spirochete (where they are anchored to the
cytoplasmic membrane) and wind around the protoplasmic
cylinder, imparting both motility and shape to the organism—in
contrast to other bacteria, in which the peptidoglycan layer
determines the shape
The transmission of
Borrelia burgdorferi
to the mammalian
host and the
dissemination of the
spirochete to the
joint.
Elucidation of
Lyme arthritis
Allen C. Steere
and Lisa
Glickstein
Nature Reviews
Immunology 4,
143-152 (February
2004)
http://www.nature.com/nri/journal/v4/n2/fig_tab/nri1267_F1.html
Lyme Disease 2004 Reported Cases
http://www.aldf.com/images/2004LymeDiseaseCaseMap.jpg
Lyme Disease Risk Map
http://www.aldf.com/images/LymeDiseaseRisk.gif
Lyme Disease Risk Map
http://www.hpl.umces.edu/faculty/bcrump/FISH.pdf
http://www.hpl.umces.edu/faculty/bcrump/Micro-FISH.pdf
http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/1116/16biomes.htm
In Situ Analysis of Phototrophic Sulfur
Bacteria in the Chemocline of Meromictic
Lake Cadagno (Switzerland)
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1999 March; 65(3): 1325–1330.
Mauro Tonolla,* Antonella Demarta,1 Raffaele Peduzzi,1 and
Dittmar Hahn2,3
Cantonal Institute of Bacteriology, Microbial Ecology
(University of Geneva), CH-6904 Lugano,1 and Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology (ETH), Institute of Terrestrial Ecology,
Soil Biology, CH-8952 Schlieren,2 Switzerland, and
Department of Biology, Rutgers University, Newark, New
Jersey 07102-18113
Received August 5, 1998; Accepted December 8, 1998.
In situ detection of
phototrophic sulfur
bacteria with Cy3-labeled
probes Cmok453,
targeting Chromatium
okenii DSM16 (a);
Apur453, targeting
Amoebobacter purpureus
DSM4197 (b); S453D,
targeting clone 261 (c);
and S453F, targeting
clones 335 and 371 (d).
Bar, 10 um.
Vertical distribution of physicochemical parameters and bacteria in the chemocline of Lake
Cadagno at a depth of between 11 and 14 m. (a) Sulfide (○) and turbidity (●). (b) Cells detectable
after in situ hybridization with probes Cmok453 ([open triangle]) and Laro453 ([filled lozenge]).
(c) Cells detectable after in situ hybridization with probes S453D (?) and Apur453 (?). (d) Cells
detectable after in situ hybridization with probe S453F (?); the sum of cells detectable after in situ
hybridization with probes Apur453, Laro453, S453D, and S453F ([left filled triangle]); and the
number of small-celled phototrophic sulfur bacteria determined by using autofluorescence and
cell size as distinctive criteria ([open triangle]). The data, determined from 40 microscopic fields
of three samples, are expressed as means ± standard errors.
Preventative Health National Research
Flagship Protective Foods Stream, CRC-3
Project
Gut Bacterial Population Profiles and
Relationships To Diet and Health
Dr. Michael Conlon
CSIRO Human Nutrition
Adelaide, Australia
www.dar.csiro.au/.../Michael%20Conlon%20CSS%20Presentation%20August%202006.ppt
The task is to detect and count particular species of bacteria
found in human faeces
A fluorescent RNA probe is hybridized to bacteria of interest in
the sample
Various artefacts including autofluorescence of the background
and other bacteria, clumping and inhomogeneity of spatial
distribution, non-specificity of probe, can make this an
extremely challenging image analysis problem
A state-of-the-art segmentation scheme has been developed
A candidate image object must satisfy strict size, shape, and
intensity criteria before being counted
www.dar.csiro.au/.../Michael%20Conlon%20CSS%20Presentation%20August%202006.ppt
Dilute faeces stained with a Cy3 (red) labelled rRNA
probe specific for the F. prausnitzii bacterium.
www.dar.csiro.au/.../Michael%20Conlon%20CSS%20Presentation%20August%202006.ppt
Segmentation result. Note the segmenter is
designed to delineate all bright image objects
www.dar.csiro.au/.../Michael%20Conlon%20CSS%20Presentation%20August%202006.ppt
Detected F. prausnitzii bacteria after applying
strict size-shape-morphology-brightness criteria.
www.dar.csiro.au/.../Michael%20Conlon%20CSS%20Presentation%20August%202006.ppt
The End