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Warm Up January 24, 2014 What are the 3 classroom expectations? Write an example and a non-example for each. Mesopotamia: From Nomads to Farmers • Video • Answer these questions as you watch: – 1. “Mesopotamia” means ___. – 2. Mesopotamia is located between the ___ and ___ rivers. – 3. How did Mesopotamia control the river water? – 4. How did people become slaves? – 5. What is the highest/most important job in Mesopotamia (other than royalty)? Using the Online Textbook • • • • • • my.hrw.com Username: w4n8j Password: herthel Click “Go to the Online Textbook.” Chapter 2, Section 1 (on the top of the page). Navigate textbook pages on the top center of the page. Ancient Mesopotamian Societies -Use the textbook (under your desk) to fill in the chart with specific factual details. -Sumerian: page 34 – 36 (no leaders) -Akkadian: page 36 – 37 (no social culture) -Babylonian: page 37 (no social culture) -Hittite: page 40 (no leaders) -Assyrian: page 41 (no leaders) -Persian: page 51 – 55 Complete for homework (due Monday) Warm Up January 27, 2014 What are the purpose(s) of laws? Who do you think should write the laws, and how should they be enforced? Mesopotamia 1. Sumer a. Geography i. Located in an area called the Fertile Crescent 1. It is a region that curves between the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf 2. This is also a fertile area that is located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers ii. Area is referred to as Mesopotamia b. City i. Considered to be the world’s first civilization ii. In the center of the city was a large temple called a ziggurat 1. A ziggurat is a pyramid like structure iii. Formed city-states over time 1. A city-state is a political unit with its own government 2. Many city-states would form dynasties c. Religion i. ii. iii. iv. Were polytheistic Believed the gods controlled all natural forces Believed that a god protected each city-state Priests held a high status in Sumer d. Writing i. Developed a form of writing called cuneiform ii. Used to keep business accounts, to write works on law and grammar as well as literature iii. “Epic of Gilgamesh” 1. 2. Best know Sumerian work About a legendary king e. Mathematics i. Developed their own math system based on the number 60 ii. Used geometry to build elaborate structures and irrigation systems f. Sciences i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. Invented the wheel to make pottery and other vehicles Developed the plow Used bronze to make stronger tools and weapons Built a sewer system Catalogued medical knowledge Performed basic surgery Architecture included arches, ramps, and columns g. Social Structure i. Developed out of their trading industry ii. At the top was the king, priests and principal agents iii. Next came large land owners and merchants iv. Below them were farmers, artisans, and laborers v. At the bottom were slaves h. Gender Roles i. Men held political power and made laws ii. Women stayed at home and took care of the home and children 2. Babylonian Empire a. Hammurabi i. ii. 1792 B.C. became the king of Babylon United Mesopotamia and formed the Babylonian Empire iii. Accomplishments 1. 2. 3. 4. Building projects Improved tax collection system Increased trade Established schools a. Taught Sumerian language and cuneiform iv. Allowed priests to have their powerful roles v. Honored old Sumerian gods b. Hammurabi’s code i. ii. Dealt with everything from trade and theft to injury and murder Code was important because it was written down for everyone to see Hammurabi’s Code • Agree/Disagree • Be ready to support your answer Agree/Disagree If you sue someone and lose, should you have to pay? "3. If any one bring an accusation of any crime before the elders, and does not prove what he has charged, he shall, if it be a capital offense charged, be put to death." A person tries to break into your house, but are caught before they take anything. Should they be put to death? "21. If any one break a hold into a house (break in to steal), he shall be put to death before that hole and be buried." If you cannot pay your bills, should you have to yourself and your family into slavery for 3 years? "117. If any one fail to meet a claim for debt, and sell himself, his wife, his son, and daughter for money or give them away to forced labor: they shall work for three years in the house of the man who bought them, or the proprietor, and in the fourth year they shall be set free." If a woman cannot have children, should her husband be allowed to take another wife? "145. If a man take a wife, and she bear him no children, and he intend to take another wife: if he take this second wife, and bring her into the house, this second wife shall not be allowed equality with his wife." "146. If a man take a wife and she give this man a maid-servant as wife and she bear him children, and then this maid shall assume equality with the wife: because she has borne him children her master shall not sell her for money, but he may keep her as a slave, reckoning her among the maid-servants." "147. If she have not borne him children, then her mistress may sell her for money." Hammurabi’s Code Document Analysis • With your buddy, read the excerpt from Hammurabi’s Code • Answer questions 1-3, 5, 7-9 on a separate sheet of paper. • If you finish early, answer question 10 for extra credit. Review Graphic Organizer Judaism and the Persian Empire 1. Early Hebrews a. Writings i. Much of what we know comes from their own writings ii. Contained their history, law and requirements for their religion iii. First 5 books form the Torah, the most sacred text of Judaism b. Founding Fathers i. Abraham 1. 2. 3. Lived in Ur and was told to leave by God God established a covenant with him Promised to lead him to the Promised Land and make his descendents a mighty people ii. Jacob 1. Grandson of Abraham 2. Had 12 sons and would form the twelve tribes of Israel 3. His name will be changed to Israel iii. Moses 1. Born an Israelite but raised in the pharaoh’s palace 2. Demanded the Israelites freedom 3. Lead the people out of Egypt after the pharaoh gave permission to leave c. The Exodus i. It is a major event ii. Passover iii. After the Exodus the Israelites will wander in the wilderness for 40 years iv. 10 Commandments will be given during this time to Moses on Mt. Sinai d. The Promised Land i. Israel had to fight the people that lived there to gain it ii. Had a time of prophets and judges who were believed to carry messages from God e. Kings of Israel i. Saul 1. 2. 3. Israel’s 1st king Chosen for his military leadership Described as jealous and a troubled ruler ii. David 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Israel’s 2nd king Well loved and united the people Strong king and military leader Gifted poet and musician Capital was Jerusalem iii. Solomon 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Son of David Israel’s 3rd king Israel reached its height under him Praised for his wisdom Built a magnificent temple in Jerusalem f. Division and Conquest i. Divided Kingdom 1. 2. 3. Kingdom was split into 2 after Solomon’s death 10 tribes formed the Northern Kingdom called Israel 2 tribes formed the Southern Kingdom called Judah ii. Fall 1. Israel fell to the Assyrians in 772 B.C. 2. Judah fell to the Chaldeans in 586 B.C. a. b. c. d. The temple of Jerusalem was destroyed Thousands of Jews were brought to Babylon as slaves Period is known as the Babylonian Captivity and lasted 50 years Marked the Diaspora i. The scattering of the Jews outside of Judah 3. Persians will let the Jews return to Jerusalem and they will rebuild the temple g. Teachings of Judaism i. Monotheism 1. 2. Believed there is only one God This set them apart from the other people in the region ii. Justice and Righteousness 1. Being just meant treating other people with kindness and fairness 2. Being righteous referred to doing what was right and proper even if others do not a. This led to their creation of a strong code of ethics b. Will be carried into Christianity iii. Obedience to the law 1. 10 Commandments a. Most important laws 2. Mosaic Law a. Governs how people pray b. When they worship c. Dietary Law i. What they could eat iv. Sacred Text 1. Most sacred was the Torah 2. Talmud a. Contains explanations and interpretations of the other sacred texts 2. Persian Empire a. Persian Leader i. Cyrus II 1. 2. 3. 4. He united the Persians and the Medes He allowed conquered people to retain their own customs He freed the Jewish people and allowed them to return to Jerusalem and rebuild the temple Became known as Cyrus the Great ii. Darius I 1. Put down a rebellion during his first year as king 2. He reorganized and strengthened his army 3. Created a permanent army a. b. He paid them The Ten Thousand Immortals i. Group within the army that served as the king’s bodyguards 4. Surrounded the kingship with ritual and ceremony 5. Called himself either the Great King or the King of Kings 6. Used Satraps (governors) to help him rule his vast empire 7. Strengthened the economy 8. Built roads throughout the empire to help trade 9. Many believed that the high point of Persian culture was reached under him iii. Xerxes 1. Son of Darius 2. Tried to invade Greece and failed 3. Last strong ruler of ancient Persia b. Religion i. Zoroastrianism 1. 2. Taught that the world had been created by a god named Ahura Mazda Taught Dualism a. 3. 4. The belief that the world is controlled by two opposing forces, good and evil Believed people had freewill Teachings on how people should live are recorded in the Avesta c. Persian Achievements i. Network of roads 1. 2. They linked all parts of the empire Longest road was the Royal road which stretched more than 1500 miles ii. Art and Architecture 1. Best example is the city of Persepolis 2. Used animals in their art work Classwork • Page 28 – answer questions 1, 2, 6-10. Be sure to write the entire sentence. • Page 58 – answer questions 1-4 and 6-7. Be sure to write the entire sentence. HWH: Homework Due Tuesday, January 28, 2014 • For centuries, people fought for control of the Fertile Crescent. From the earliest times of the Akkadians and the Babylonians through the Persians and the Greeks, rulers have fought and died to control this territory. • Why were people so eager to live in and rule the Fertile Crescent? What made this area so appealing? Write a two paragraph essay, supporting your opinion with evidence from your notes and the text. • Note: be sure to cite anything you use from the text. For this assignment, you can use internal citations by putting the page number in parenthesis at the end of the sentence.