Download o movement in a number of planes is possible o This is because the

Lecture24:Upperlimb2Summary
Attheshoulderjoint:
o movementinanumberofplanesispossible
o Thisisbecausetheglenohumeraljointisaball-andsocketsynovialjoint
o Thisjointcanabductandadduct,flexandextend,
laterallyandmediallyrotateand,ofcourse,
undergocircumduction.
AttheElbow:(reftobottomrightphotoforlabels)
1.ElbowJoint:
o Itisahingejointsocannotundergothebroadrangeofmovementsthattheshoulderjointcan
o Itcanonlymoveinoneplane,flexingandextending
2.Theradioulnarjoint:
o Thisjointisdistinctfromtheelbowjointitself
o Involvesarticulationbetweentheulnaandtheradius
o Thesetwobonesnormallymoveintandem—theyarealsoabletoundergosupinationand
pronation.
Atthewrist:
RadiocarpalJoint:
o Flexionandextension,abductionandadductionpossible
o Flexionlikewaving,extensiontheoppositedirection
o Abductionistowardsthemidline,whilstadductionislateralmovement
Atthe
fingers:
o
o
o
o
o
Therangeofmovementsavailabletothefingersdependsontheindividualfinger
Thumbsaregoingtohaveadifferentrangeofmovementsduetodifferencesintheir
metacarpophalangealjoints
FordigitsII-V,flexionandextensionANDabductionandadductionpossible
Flexioninvolvesbendingthefingertowardsthepalm,whilstextensionistheopposite.
Abductionisspreadingthefingersout,whilstadductionisputtingthemintogether
Atthethumb:
o Technically,flexionandextensionofthethumbhappeninadifferentplanetotherestofthe
upperlimb(buttrynottothinkofitlikethis)
o Likethefingers,bringingthethumbintowardsthepalmisflexion,whilsttakingitoutisthe
extension
o Abductionandadductionistheleftandrightmovementofthethumb
o Thecapacityforabductionandadductionisrelativelyrestricted
o Touchingyourfingerswithyourthumbiscalledopposition,henceopposablethumb.
Fascia:
o Themusclesoftheupperlimbarealllinedwiththeconnectivetissuedeepfascia.
o Brachialfascia:Fasciaoftheupperarm
o Antebrachialfascia:fasciaoftheforearm
ThereareSpecialisedfascialstructuresintheupperarm:
Interosseusmembrane:
o Fasciathatbindstheulnaandtheradiustogether
o Helpsthemtomoveintandem
o Italsoprovidesasiteformuscleattachment
Retinacula:
o Importantinboththeupperandlowerlimb
o Intheupperlimbàthistypeoffascialstructureisfoundatthewrist
o Itactsasananchor,preventingthetendonssupplyingthedigitsfrom
bowstringing.
o Italsoprotectsnervesandvessels
Aponeuroses:
o Theyactliketendonsinsheet-likemusclescoveringbroadareas
o Eg.palmaraponeurosi(palmofhands)
Muscles:
o Musclesoftheupperlimbcanplaypracticallyanyrole
o They’resynergists,primemovers,fixatorsandantagonists
Back Muscles *don’tworrytoomuchaboutattachmentofeachmuscle.Knowwheretheyare
Superficial(Extrinsic)musclesoftheback:
o They’renot“true”backmuscles
o Theyallhaveattachmentsatboththebackandtheupperlimb
o Inc.trapezius,Latissimusdorsi,LevatorScapulae,Rhomboidminor/major
Trapezius
o Itisalarge,triangularmuscle
o Itprovidesanattachmentofthepectoralgirdletothetrunk
o Itisinvolvedmainlyinmovingthescapula
o Thesuperiorfibresofthetrapeziuspullthescapulaup,themiddlefibresretractthe
scapula(thatistopullitposteriorly)andtheinferiorfibrespullthescapuladown.
LatissimusDorsi:
o Dorsimeans“oftheback”.Latissimusmeans“broadest”
o Solatissimusdorsiisthebroadestmuscleoftheback
o Itcoversawideareaofthebackandisfanshaped
o Ithastheeffectofextending,retractingandrotatingthehumerusaswellasrotatingthe
scapula.
o Ititattachesbetweenthehumerusandtheback
Levatorscapulae:
o helptorotatethescapula&extendingtheneck
Rhomboidmajor&minor:
o helptoretractandrotatethescapula
Shoulder Girdle:
Attachtoandactontheupperlimb
Includes:pectoralmuscles,serratusanterior,deltoid,TeresMajor
PectoralMuscles:
o Includes:pectoralismajorandpectoralisminor(bothfoundattheshouldergirdle
Serratusanterior:
o Attachestothescapulaandtheribcage,helpingtoanchorthescapula
Deltoid:
o Muscleissaidtoresemblecapitaldelta(∆)
o Thismusclehelpstoswingthearm
Teresmajor:
o isthelastoftheintrinsicshouldermuscles
Scapulo-humeralmuscles:includesdeltoid,biceps,rotator
cuffmuscles
RotatorCuffMuscles:
o TheyincludetheSITSmuscles:supraspinatus,
infraspinatus,teresminor,subscapularis
o Bicepsbrachiiisalsoinvolvedintherotatorcuf
o Itsheadisovertheglenohumeraljoint,whilstits
otherheadisovertheelbowjoint.Thismuscleis
theelbowflexor
Fixatormusclesintheshoulder:blendwiththecapsuleoftheshoulderjoint,pulltheheadofthehumerus
towardstheglenoid,makingitfitinthereniceandsnug
Primemovers:involvedinrotationandabduction
Arm Muscles:
Musclesinboththebrachiumandtheforearmarecompartmentalisedbyfascia
Therearetwomajorcompartments:
o Theanteriorcompartmentand
o Posteriorcompartment
Musclesoftheanteriorcompartment-elbowflexors
Musclesoftheposteriorcompartment-elbowextensors
AnteriorCompartmentofarm:
o Therearethreemuscles–allworktogetheraselbowflexors
o Inc:Bicepsbrachii,brachialis,coracobrachialis
Posteriorcompartmentofarm
o Thereisonlyonemuscls—tricepsbrachii
o Itistheonlyelbowextensor.Tricepsbrachiiisalarge,fusiformmuscle.