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Homework Take-Up • Specialized Cell – Page 60 # 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 The Digestive System Purpose of the Digestive System • Turning food into microscopic nutrients that can be absorbed through the intestinal lining • What is the toughest food that the human body might try to break down? ▫ Fibre – made from plants (vegetables and grains) How does food get broken down? • Mechanically ▫ Mouth chews food to break it into smaller pieces ▫ Stomach churns • Chemically ▫ Liver produces bile to mix water and fat together for digestion ▫ Gastric acid is produced by the cells of the stomach lining (it would burn your hand!) Structure of the Digestive Tract • http://medtropolis.com/virtual-body/ The Importance of the Sphincter • Without a sphincter, the digestive track is really just a hole through your body • Sphincter – a ring of muscle that holds a biological opening closed • Over 50 different sphincters in the human body Two Types of Sphincter’s •Voluntary - Controllable ▫Rectum – both voluntary and involuntary sphincter’s ▫Sphincter Urethrae - Urinary sphincter 2 Types of Sphincter’s • Involuntary - Not in your control ▫ Ileocecal valve – closes off the small intestine so that food that has not fully broken down may not pass ▫ Sphincter pylori – Holds food in the stomach until it is thoroughly mixed with stomach acid Olestra • Fat substitute used in the 1980’s • zero calories, zero grams of cholesterol and zero grams of fat • gastrointestinal symptoms — including diarrhea, loose stools, nausea, gas • Olestra sometimes causes underwear staining • “greasy, hard-to-wipe-off fecal matter” • anal leakage (leakage of liquid olestra through the anal sphincter). My Roomate • He did not have an esophogeal sphincter • Always got heart burn (acid moving up from your stomach into your esophagus) • Had a muscle from his leg fashioned into a sphincter to prevent it Demo • Digestion of Fat - What’s wrong with me Doc? • Day 1: ▫ Pain in stomach area • Answers: ▫ Lot’s of fibre, good amount of veggies, not too much red meat ▫ 2 days of on and off pain ▫ Bowel movements – 1-2/day (regular) What’s wrong with me Doc? • Day 2: • Answers: The Circulatory System Purpose of the Circulatory System • Transports nutrients and oxygen to cells • Transports waste and carbon dioxide away from cells Getting Around the Body • The heart pumps blood through the body • It pumps blood to the lungs to exchange gases and comes back to the heart • The heart then pumps blood around the rest of the body to transport gases to the cells •Capillaries – Act as an exchange point for gases and nutrients •These happen in the: ▫ Lungs ▫ Intestines ▫ Every single cell in the body Structure of the Circulatory System • Video Respiratory System Purpose of the Respiratory System • To provide all cells in the human body with Oxygen and remove Carbon Dioxide produced as waste by each cell Fact • You breathe 15 times per minutes and move 10,000L of air in and out of your lungs each day • With every breath, you breath in at least one particle of air that Gandhi breathed in when he was alive Respiratory System Structure Gas Exchange Carbon Monoxide Poisoning • When we breathe in Carbon monoxide, it takes the place of oxygen on the red blood cells • Since RBC’s cannot carry oxygen, the tissues in the human body start to malfunction • The brain relies on oxygen and is one of the first organs affected • You will feel nausea, head aches, loss of consciousness and more Breathing • You breath without having to ask your body to do so • If you hold your breath too long, when you fall unconcious, your body will start to breathe again Musculoskeletal System Purpose • The musculoskeletal system supports the body, protects delicate organs and makes movement possible Make your own note • Use Pages 99-101 to fill in the note