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Sh i H U ST Ke Chapter 0:课程概述 课程安排 n 教师:石柯 n 联系方式: 测试分析中心(老设备处)106 l Email:[email protected] l Web: 4 教育网:http://keshi.iothust.org 4 电信网:http://keshi.ubiwna.org n 上课地点: C12 N304 n 课程网站: l 教育网:http://keshi.iothust.org/ 电信网:http://keshi.ubiwna.org/ l 讲义将在课后上传至网站供大家下载 l Principles of Operating System 0.2 Ke Shi , http://www.iothust.org/courses 课程资料 n 教科书: l 操作系统原理(第四版). 庞丽萍. 华中科技大学出版社 l 计算机操作系统. 庞丽萍. 人民邮电出版社 n 强烈推荐的参考书 l Operating Systems Concepts: 8th/7th Edition,Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne l 有第7版的影印版和第6版的中文翻译版 Principles of Operating System 0.3 Ke Shi , http://www.iothust.org/courses 课程资料 n 如果你想进一步了解: Principles of Operating System 0.4 Ke Shi , http://www.iothust.org/courses 课程概述 n 操作系统原理-内容: l 操作系统设计基础 l 操作系统的组织结构 l 使用的算法 l 使用的策略和机制 n 评分标准: l 15% 作业 l 15% 实验 l 70% 期终考试 Principles of Operating System 0.5 Ke Shi , http://www.iothust.org/courses 学习要求 n 课前预习 n 认真听课 l 笔记 l 课堂提问 n 独立思考 n 独立完成作业 l 作业在布置后的下一周交,不接收延期的作业 n 独立完成实验 l 实验报告在实验结束之后2周提交 Principles of Operating System 0.6 Ke Shi , http://www.iothust.org/courses 进度安排 n 概述,操作系统的历史,组织结构,硬件支持 Chapter 1,2 n 操作系统的用户界面,并发和进程抽象 l Chapter 3,4 n 进程的同步和互斥,线程 l Chapter 4 l n 资源管理,死锁,CPU调度 Chapter 5 ,6 n 主存管理 l Chapter 7 l n I/O设备 l Chapter 8 n 文件系统 l Chapter 9 n 习题、复习 Principles of Operating System 0.7 Ke Shi , http://www.iothust.org/courses 什么是操作系统? What is an Operating System? n 计算机系统的核心构件 (Operating systems are the core of a computer system.) n 所有的计算机都配备了某种类型的操作系统 (All computers, including cell phones, cameras, video game consoles, and even GPS navigators use an OS of some type.) l But there are multiple kinds of operating systems l Small devices often have stripped-down operating systems n 如果你使用计算机,就会使用操作系统 (If you are using a computer… you are using an OS) n 对大多数人来说: l OS is unknown/scary/frustrating/(boring?) to most people Principles of Operating System 0.8 Ke Shi , http://www.iothust.org/courses 什么是操作系统? What is an Operating System? n 多种多样的定义 (A number of definitions) l Just google for define: Operating System l 百度:操作系统定义 n 其中的一些 (A few of them) l “The software that the rest of the software depends on to make the computer functional.” l “The one program running at all times on the computer” l “A program that manages all other programs in a computer” n Can think of the O/S as being “everything between the programming language and the hardware” Principles of Operating System 0.9 Ke Shi , http://www.iothust.org/courses 什么是操作系统? What is an Operating System? n 两个主要功能 (Two main functions): n 管理物理资源 (Manage physical resources): l It drives various devices 4 l Eg: CPU, memory, disks, networks, displays, cameras, etc Efficiently, reliably, tolerating and masking failures, etc n 为其他应用提供运行环境 (Provide an execution environment to the applications running on the computer (programs like Word, Emacs)) l Provide virtual resources and interfaces 4 Eg: files, directories, users, threads, processes, etc l Simplify programming through high-level abstractions l Provide users with a stable environment, mask failures Principles of Operating System 0.10 Ke Shi , http://www.iothust.org/courses 什么是操作系统? What is an Operating System? n 带来的好处 n Provides layers of abstraction: You can say “Please write XYZ into file ABC.txt in folder /foo”, instead of “Load register XFY with ID segment at HDD of type 0x4333,… etc”. n Protects users from each other: I can’t read your files, you can’ read mine. n Shares resources efficiently; can give impression to each user of running on the machine alone. Principles of Operating System 0.11 Ke Shi , http://www.iothust.org/courses What is in an OS? Applications FireFox Sql Server Windowing & graphics System Utils Shells Naming Windowing & Gfx Networking Virtual Memory Generic I/O File System OS Interface Operating System Services Device Drivers Access Control Process Management Memory Management Physical m/c Intf Interrupts, Cache, Physical Memory, TLB, Hardware Devices Logical OS Structure Principles of Operating System 0.12 Ke Shi , http://www.iothust.org/courses Issues in OS Design n Structure: how is an operating system organized ? n Sharing: how are resources shared among users ? n Naming: how are resources named by users or programs ? n Protection: how is one user/program protected from another ? n Security: how to authenticate, control access, secure privacy ? n Performance: why is it so slow ? n Reliability and fault tolerance: how do we deal with failures ? n Extensibility: how do we add new features ? Principles of Operating System 0.13 Ke Shi , http://www.iothust.org/courses Issues in OS Design n Communication: how can we exchange information ? n Concurrency: how are parallel activities created and controlled ? n Scale, growth: what happens as demands or resources increase ? n Persistence: how can data outlast processes that created them n Compatibility: can we ever do anything new ? n Distribution: accessing the world of information n Accounting: who pays bills, and how to control resource usage Principles of Operating System 0.14 Ke Shi , http://www.iothust.org/courses 为什么要学习这门课程? Why take this course? n Operating systems are the core of a computer system l To use computers effectively, you need to know 4 How to code applications in a programming language 4 How those applications can ask the OS to perform actions for it 4 How the computer hardware really works l The OS is a bridge between the hardware and your application l The OS also creates a number of new abstractions beyond what the hardware has built into it (example: “shared memory”) n Operating systems are exceptionally complex systems l Huge, parallel, very expensive, and hard to build 4 Windows l Vista, Windows 7.0: 1000s of people, decades … We want to learn to build complex things, too! Principles of Operating System 0.15 Ke Shi , http://www.iothust.org/courses 目标 Goal n 学习复杂系统,特别是具有并发特性的复杂系统的运作和构 造 - Learn to reason about complex systems (especially ones that employ concurrency) l Internet, air traffic control, e-government, weather sensing and prediction systems, social networks, etc l 操作系统是此类系统的典型 - Operating systems are the “archetypical” example of a highly complex yet structured system. n We’ll want to l Understand how to structure a big system l Understand how to exploit concurrency l Prove the correctness of our solutions Principles of Operating System 0.16 Ke Shi , http://www.iothust.org/courses 方法 n 理论联系实际 - Sometimes, reading about it just isn’t the same as doing it… l Knowing how an O/S works is useful l Hands-on experience building systems is invaluable n Virtualbox (or VMWare) l Linux Principles of Operating System 0.17 Ke Shi , http://www.iothust.org/courses End of Chapter 0