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WAR, GLORY, AND DECLINE: THE PERSIAN WARS AND THE
PELOPONNESIAN WAR (PART 1)
ORIGINS OF THE PERSIAN WARS
The greatest outside threat to the Greek city-states was the ___________________________________.
At the time, the Persians were the __________________________________________ of the ancient world.
Today in popular culture, they are given a pretty bad reputation. But who were they, really?
The Persians were a very ____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________ culture that originated in what is present day Iran.
However, the Persians were ruled by ____________________________________ who was viewed to be the
embodiment of ____________________________________.
The Persian Wars began when the Persian Empire conquered ____________________________________
___________________________ in Asia Minor.
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Because the Greeks favored ___________________, and the Persians were ruled by an
________________, the Ionian Greeks despised living under Persian rule.
As a result, the Ionians _______________________________________________________.
Athens tried to __________________ their rebellion.
The Persians eventually suppressed the bloody uprising, but did not forget the Athenians’
involvement. The Persian Emperor Darius thus sought to punish Athens.
THE PERSIAN WARS: THE BATTLE OF MARATHON
In 490 BC, the Persian army under Emperor Darius invaded Greece with 20,000 soldiers.
• The Persians landed their forces at __________________________. The Persian army outnumbered
the Athenian army __________________________________________________.
After five days of a stalemate, the Persians decided to leave Marathon and _________________________.
• They began boarding their ships, and the first ones to board were the ________________________.
Realizing that the light Persian infantry now had no cavalry support, the Athenians made their move.
• 10,000 heavily armored Athenian hoplites hit the Persian infantry in a _______________________.
• With no cavalry support, the lightly armored Persian infantry proved to be no match for the
Athenian phalanx.
• The Persians were routed and forced to retreat.
Marathon was an _______________________ for Athens, and an _____________________________ for
Persia.
THE PERSIAN WARS: THERMOPYLAE AND SALAMIS
After Marathon, the Persians withdrew to Asia Minor. But they were far from finished.
• 10 years later in 480 BC, a new army, under the command of the now emperor _______________,
marched into Greece.
• This massive new invasion army was ______________ strong.
• The Persian army was so large, that it could not be supplied by land. As such, it was accompanied
by a _______________________________ to provide __________________ and naval support.
For all of Greece to survive the Persian threat, the Athenians knew that they could not stand alone.
The Athenian general ______________________ devised a plan that he believed could defeat the Persians,
but it would require the Greeks to do something they had never done before: _______________________.
Themistocles was convinced that the Persians could be defeated by destroying their _________.
Destroying the navy would _______________________________________________________________.
• His two-part plan called for the Athenian Navy to face the Persian fleet
• But the other part of his plan required a ground force to __________________________________
____________________________. Their goal would be to _____________________________ long
enough to prevent it from linking up with and __________________________________________.
The ground force for the delaying tactic would be led by ________________________________________.
• He and 7,000 soldiers (only 300 were Spartans) would have to stand firm against 200,000 Persians
• Leonidas chose to make their stand at a narrow mountain pass called _______________________.
For ___________________ Leonidas’ Greeks held the Persians at bay in the narrow mountain pass
• However, a Greek traitor told the Persians of a hidden path that would allow the Persians to get
behind and surround the Greeks.
Realizing what was happening, Leonidas gave most of his men ___________________________________.
• He and the 300 Spartans, however, would _______________________________________________
along with a contingent from Thespiae and Thebes
• Leonidas and his men fought to the last, but _______________________________________.
• Their heroic last stand gave the cities to the south enough time to evacuate, but more importantly
provided inspiration and hope for all Greeks for the rest of the war
The battle at Thermopylae also provided ___________________ with time he needed to put his naval plan
into action.
• Themistocles and the Athenian navy lured the much larger Persian navy into _________________
_________________________________________________.
• The Persian ships, being ___________________________, could not maneuver in the strait
• Meanwhile the smaller and faster Athenian ships easily maneuvered and _______________
______________________________________________________________.
• The victory at Salamis was so complete, that nearly the entire Persian fleet ______________
With the defeat of his navy, Xerxes _____________________ and returned to Persia, leaving much of his
army behind.
• Without adequate supplies, the remaining Persian army was _______________________________.
• In uniting, the Greeks had defeated the Persians and maintained their freedom and independence.
• However, the Persian Wars were the first, and only, time that the ancient Greeks would ever
__________________.
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS:
ORIGIN OF THE PERSIAN WARS:
Who were the Persians?
Why did the Persian Wars begin?
THE PERSIAN WARS:
The Battle of Marathon – What happened at this battle, and why is the battle significant?
The Battle of Thermopylae – Who is Leonidas? What happened at this battle, and why is it significant?
The Battle of Salamis – Who is Themistocles? What happened at this battle, and why is it significant