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Unit E: Space Exploration
Unit E: Space Exploration
Focusing Questions:
How have humans attained a presence in space?
What technologies have been developed and on
what scientific ideas are they based?
How has the development of these technologies
contributed to the exploration, use and
understanding of space and to benefits on
Earth?
Unit E: Space Exploration
1.0 Human understanding of Earth & space
has changed over time
2.0 Technological developments are making
space exploration possible & offer
benefits to the Earth
3.0 Optical Telescopes, radio telescopes &
other technologies advance our
understanding of space
Human Understanding of Both Earth &
Space has Changed Over Time
1.1 Early Views About the Cosmos
Fascination with space and celstial events
has been watched in wonder for thousands
of years.
This desire to explain the “unknown” has
fuelled the human imagination , marked the
passage of time and foretold the changes in
seasons
Early knowledge was passed from
generation to generation and from culture to
culture, often as legend and folklore
Medicine Circles
constructed by laying
stones in a particular
pattern on the ground
Key rocks
aligned with the
bright stars that
rose in the dawn
Pyramid of Khufu – Giza, Egypt
the oldest and largest of the three pyramids
(Built c. 2560 BC)
• Entrance lined up with Thuban, which was the
closest star showing true North
Stonehenge – Wiltshire, England
erected around 2500 BC
Arranged in concentric
circles the enormous stones
mark the summer and winter
Solstices
Chichen Itza – Yucatan, Mexico
Built by the Maya civilization in about 1000
A.D. to celebrate the occurrence of the two
equinoxes
Geocentric Model
About 2000 years ago the Greek philosopher,
Aristotle proposed that the Earth is the center of
the universe and other objects go around it
Aristotle hypothesized that distant stars were
attached to the celestial sphere where they stayed
put and that is why they did not move.
Heliocentric Model
In 1530, Nicholas
Copernicus proposed
that the sun was at the
center of the universe
His Heliocentric model
was one in which the
Earth and planets
revolved around a
stationary Sun at the
center of the universe
More Support for the Heliocentric
Model
In the 1600’s Galileo Galilei used a
telescope to observe planets that were
clearly moving around the sun
Johannes Kepler used detailed observation
on the movement of planets to realize that
the orbits of planets were not actually
circular but elliptical. This would be the
framework for our current model
Equinox
L. aequus (equal) nox
(night)
At equinox – equal night and day
March 20/21 and September 22/23 each year.
Solstice
L. sol (sun) sistere (to stand still),
Happens twice each year, when the tilt of
the Earth's axis is most inclined toward or
away from the Sun, causing the Sun's
apparent position in the sky to reach its
northernmost or southernmost extreme.
Your Task
Read pages 370-383
Take your own notes!!!!!!
Do activity on page 371. You will be
handing this in at the end of the period
Answer Check and Reflect Questions on:
Page 376: 1-9
Your Quiz on Wednesday will be taken directly
from these questions
Create a Glossary for this WHOLE UNIT. That
means all the terms that are BOLDED from
page 370-465
1.2 Discovery Through Technology
Technological advances soon become
integrated into our daily lives & become
common place.
Eg. calculators
Astronomer's Tools
Technological advances have enabled a
greater understanding of our place in the
solar system.
For example;
quadrant
Astrolabe
Cross-staff
Telescopes
(Reference p 378)
Space – Distance & Time
Astronomical Units
Used to measure w/in our solar system
1 AU = center of Earth to center of Sun (≈ 1.5 x 108 km)
Light Years
Used to measure distance o/s our solar system
light travels at 3.00 x 108 m/s
1 light-year ≈ 9.5 x 10 12 km (trillion)
Give it a Try p 382
1.3 Distribution of Matter in Space
Our Sun
is a main sequence, Class II yellow star (Fig. 1.18)
Comprises ≈ 99% of the mass of the solar system
H fusion reactions
Life of a Star
Reference p 386 – 388
Birth of stars occurs in nebulae
Gravitational attraction build a core to form a
protostar (fig. 1.19)
Death of a star occurs as H begins to run out
Red giant or supergiant – expansion of outer layers
White dwarf – fusion stops
Black dwarf – dead star
Death of massive stars lead to supernova
explosions -> neutron star -> black hole
Star Groups
Constellations
http://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=QXeEAQtC75g
88 recognized star patterns
Asterisms
Unofficial star patterns
1.4 Our Solar Neighborhood
Read Section 1.4
Create summary table of planets – know
order
Protoplanet Hypothesis
aka Nebular theory
Three steps
Swirling cloud of dust
and gas
90% +/- accumulates
forming a sun (star)
Remaining material
forms planets
Sun Composition
Made up of mostly H and He
Dense core
Corona
Sun Spots
intense magnetic activity that causes
reduced temperatures
Solar Flare
a large explosion in the Sun’s atmosphere
Solar Wind
The Sun emits charged particles at 400 km/s
Earth’s magnetic field deflects the particles
Planets
Two types of planets named for
location & composition
Terrestrial (inner) planets
• smaller & rockier
• Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars
Jovian (outer) planets
• large & gaseous
• Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
Read about each planet p 394 - 396
Asteroids
Small, rocky, metallic bodies traveling in
space between Mars & Jupiter
Comets
“dirty snowballs”
orbit the Sun
Meteoroids, Meteors, Meteorites
Meteoroids – small pieces of rock in space
Meteors – “shooting stars”
Meteorites – on Earth
Eclipse
solar & lunar
Check & Reflect p 400
Do Questions # 1 – 9
Let’s Clear a Few Things Up
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dqreLkR0MoM&feature=fvwrel
Next Solar Eclipse Nov. 13 2012  Be there or be square!!!
Next Lunar Eclipse April 14, 2015
BCE= Before Common Era (more
politically correct)
CE = Common Era or you can use AD
which stands for ANNO DOMINI
1.5 Position of Objects in Space
Two references are required to locate stellar
objects
Azimuth: "which compass direction it can be
found in the sky."
• compass direction
• 0o = N (clockwise from N)
Altitude: "how far above the horizon the object
is"
• 0o = horizon
• Maximum altitude = 90o
• Zenith = highest point overhead (ie straight up)
1.5 Position of Objects in Space
Two references are required to locate stellar
objects
Azimuth
• compass direction
• 0o = N (clockwise from N)
1.5 Position of Objects in Space
Two references are required to locate stellar
objects
Altitude
• 0o = horizon
• Maximum altitude = 90o
Zenith = highest point overhead
(ie straight up)
Altitude
Motion in the Heavens
Stars stay relatively stationary while planets
move a varying speeds
This perplexed early naked eye astronomers
Because planets follow an elliptical orbit
they appear to travel at different speeds at
different times
Your Task
Read p 401 – 404
Check & Reflect # 1 - 7
Section Review p 406 # 2,4,5,10,12&13
Expect a Quest Next Class
2.0 Technological developments are making
space exploration possible & offer benefits
to the Earth - Eagle Landing
- One Step
Section 2.1 Technologies for
Space Transport
Satellites
used for
communication,
navigation,
research &
weather
forecasting
Robotic Probes
launched September 5, 1977 Voyager 1 is
the farthest human-made object from Earth,
106.26 AU
International Space Station
Launched Nov 1998 expected to remain in
operation until at least 2015, and likely
2020
Rocket Science - History
steam propellant –
Greeks
gunpowder Chinese
Sputnik
first satellite Oct 4 1957 launched by Russia
Sputnik & the race for space
The Vanguard
Failed Launches
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zVeFkakURXM
Laika – first living thing in space
Nov 1957
“This is rocket science”
Newton’s 3rd Law – For every
action there is an equal and
opposite reaction.
movie
Three Parts of a Rocket
machinery – parts of the rocket
fuel – various propellants
payload – crew and
other materials
Alternative Propellants
Ion Drives – long lasting low force drives
using accelerated charged particles
Solar Sails – will use photons emitted by
the sun to allow long distance travel
Space Shuttles
Columbia*
Challenger*
* accident/tragedy
http://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=j4JOjcDFtBE
Discovery
Atlantis
Endeavour
Shuttle Engines – 2 x SRB
http://travel.howstuffworks.com/space-shuttle2.htm
Solid Rocket Booster - SRBs are solid
rockets that provide most of the main
force or thrust (71 percent) needed to lift
the space shuttle off the launch pad.
Each SRB has the following;
solid propellant
• fuel - atomized aluminum (16 percent)
• oxidizers - ammonium perchlorate (70 percent)
• catalyst - iron oxide powder (0.2 percent)
Shuttle Engines - SRB
Because the SRBs are solid rocket
engines, once they are ignited, they
cannot be shut down.
they are the last component to light at
launch.
thrust = 2.65 million lb (11.7 million N)
recovery systems
• parachutes (drogue, main)
• floatation devices
• signaling devices
<- separation
recovery
Shuttle Engines – 3 x Main
Main Engines – fuel =
oxygen + hydrogen
(external tank) link
link local
Shuttle Engines – 2 x OMS
orbital manoeuvring system engines
one on either side of the tail
These engines place the shuttle into
final orbit, change the shuttle's position
from one orbit to another, and slow the
shuttle down for re-entry.
Your Task
Read 408 – 416
Check & Reflect p 417 # 1-5
2.2 Living in Space
Hazards of living in space:
environmental – no air/water; cosmic rays;
radiation; temperature extremes (120o - - 160o C);
absence of pressure
psychological – claustrophobia; inter-relational
problems
physiological – microgravity; atrophy of
muscles; “boiling” blood (N2 & other fluids)
Space Suit
http://science.howstuffworks.com/space-suit.htm
Without protection in
space:
you would become
unconscious within 15
seconds because there is
no oxygen.
your blood and body fluids
would "boil" and then freeze
because there is little or no
air pressure.
your tissues (skin, heart,
other internal organs) would
expand because of the
boiling fluids.
Space Suit
http://science.howstuffworks.com/space-suit.htm
Without protection in space:
you would face extreme
changes in temperature:
120 o C - -100 o C
you would be exposed to
various types of radiation,
such as cosmic rays,
and charged particles emitted from the sun
(solar wind).
you could be hit by small particles of dust or rock
that move at high speeds (micrometeoroids) or
orbiting debris from satellites or spacecraft.
Clean Water
Without recycling 40,000 lb/y of
water from Earth would be
required to supply a minimum of
four crewmembers for the life of
the station. (Not even research animals are
excused from the program.)
It might sound disgusting, but water
leaving the space station's
purification machines will be cleaner than what
most of us drink on Earth - much cleaner than
anything you'll ever get out of any tap.
CBC – Space Station Water
3 Steps to Clean Water
a filter that removes particles
and debris
multi-filtration beds that
remove organic and inorganic impurities
the "catalytic oxidation reactor" removes
volatile organic compounds and kills
bacteria and viruses.
Power
electrical power
allows the crew
to live comfortably,
to safely operate the station, and to perform
scientific experiments.
relies solar arrays and on nickel-hydrogen
rechargeable batteries during the "eclipse"
part of the orbit
Dr. Robert (Bob) Thirsk (1953-
)
attended primary and secondary schools in British
Columbia, Alberta and Manitoba and received a
bachelor of science degree in mechanical
engineering from the University of Calgary in 1976,
a master of science degree in
mechanical engineering from
MIT in 1978, an M.D. from
McGill University in 1982,
and his M.B.A. from the
MIT Sloan School of
Management in
1998 as a Sloan Fellow.
Julie Payette
elementary and secondary schools in
Montreal.
1982 she completed an IB Diploma
at the international United World
College of the Atlantic in South
Wales, UK.
received a bachelor of engineering
cum laude from McGill University in
1986 and a Master of applied science
from the University of Toronto in
1990.
Dr. Roberta Bondar (Cdn)
Read biography p 426 & RD Space Females
Check and Reflect p 425 # 1 - 10
2.3 Space Technology on Earth
Satellites Read p 427 - 431
Communication
Observation & Research (earthcam)
Remote Sensing
GPS p 430
Space Materials Reference p 431
Check & Reflect p 432 #1 - 8
Section Review p 433
QUIZ II
3.0 Optical Telescopes, Radio
Telescopes & Other Technologies
3.1 Seeing the Visible Reference p 435
Optical Telescopes
Refracting telescope – uses two lenses
Reflecting telescope – uses mirrors
Optical Telescopes
segmented mirror
telescope – uses
smaller mirrors to
make one large
mirror
interferometry –
using multiple
telescopes to gain
clarity
Hubble Space Telescope
in use for the last 16 years this reflecting
telescope orbits the earth giving
unobstructed views of space
Hubblesite.org
Optical Telescopes Review
Check & Reflect
p 439 # 1 – 8
Giant Magellan
Telescope –
largest Earth
based optical
telescope
3.2 Seeing Beyond the Visible
Reference p 440
Properties of EMR
wavelength (λ); frequency ( f ); speed (c)
high f and short λ -> high energy
Radio Telescopes - Detecting EMR
a directional radio antenna
radio observatories are
often placed in valleys to
shield them from EMI as
opposed to clear air
mountain tops for optical
observatories
Radio Interferometry
Using multiple telescopes arranged in an
array to increase performance and accuracy
of the radio images
Space Probes
Voyager
Galileo
TED:Carolyn Porco
Cassini
3.3 Using Technology Reference p 440
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Spectroscope
Measuring Distance
Triangulation:
scale drawings
can be used to
estimate
distance
Percent Error
Calculations
p 449
Measuring Distance
Parallax – apparent
shift in position of
an object when
viewed from two
different positions
used to determine
angles for
triangulation
calculations
Composition of Stars
Using a spectroscope scientists can
determine the chemical composition of a
star by observing its absorption spectra.
Composition of Stars
Motion of Stars
Doppler Effect –
compression or
rarefaction of waves
due to movement of
the source result in a
change of pitch
Red shift indicates an
expanding universe
Doppler Train
Practice
Check & Reflect p 454 # 1- 9
Assess Your Learning p 455 # 1-9
4.0 Society & the environment are
affected by space exploration &
technologies.
4.1 Risks & Dangers Reference p 457
Lives lost in Space
Exploration
Apollo 1 (1967)
• 3 crew lost in a
fire before lift-off
• Ed White, Gus
Grissom, and
Roger Chaffee
4.1 Risks & Dangers Reference p 457
Lives lost in Space
Exploration
Soyuz 1(1967)
• 1 crew lost on
landing
• Vladimir Komarov
4.1 Risks & Dangers Reference p 457
Lives lost in Space
Exploration
Soyuz 11 (1971)
• 3 crew lost –
depressurization
on re-entry
• Georgi
Dobrovolsky,
Vladislav Volkov,
and Viktor
Patsayev.
4.1 Risks & Dangers Reference p 457
Lives lost in Space
Exploration
Challenger (1986)
• 7 crew lost –
explosion on liftoff
• El Onizuka,
Christa McAuliffe,
Greg Jarvis, Judy
Resnik, Mike
Smith, Dick
Scobee, & Ron
McNair.
4.1 Risks & Dangers Reference p 457
Lives lost in Space
Exploration
Columbia (2003)
• 7 crew lost –
failed re-entry
• David Brown,
Laurel Clark,
Michael Anderson,
Ilan Ramon, Rick
Husband, Kalpana
Chawla, and
William McCool
Space Junk
Debris and
abandoned
equipment orbiting
the Earth create
significant hazards
to space travel
4.2 CDN Contributions Reference p 460
Canada has made major contributions to
space exploration:
Alouette 1 1962
Apollo 11 landing gear 1969
Launch of the first telecommunications
satellite, Anik 1 1972
Canadarm 1 1981
First Canadian Astronaut in Space- Marc
Garneau  1984
First Canadian female astronaut in SpaceRoberta Bondar 1992
Ramp for Mars Pathfinder mission  1997
Canadarm 2 2001
4. Issues Reference p 464
Political, Ethical &
Environmental
Pros & Cons of Space Travel
Should we be
spending
$750 million –>
1.3 billion/flight
The space
shuttle program
has cost $145
billion (2005)
Political Issues
Who owns space?
Who can use space resources?
What laws should govern space?
Ethical Issues
Should we be
spending
$750 million –>
1.3 billion/flight
The space
shuttle program
has cost $145
billion (2005)
Military Use of Space
Environmental Issues
Who should clean up space junk?
How can we protect space from the human
tendency to pollute?
Unit Summary p 470
Read Babies in Space p 471
Review Assignment
Unit Review p 474
# 1 – 19 odd
Use complete sentences & be neat!