Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Thebes, Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egyptian medicine wikipedia , lookup
Plagues of Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egyptian race controversy wikipedia , lookup
Middle Kingdom of Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Index of Egypt-related articles wikipedia , lookup
Egypt (Roman province) wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egyptian technology wikipedia , lookup
Human Origins and Early Civilizations… World History--Early civ. and Egypt 1 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt Before we talk about early civilizations…We must first ask ourselves: What are the requirements of a civilization? Can any group of people that gather together be called a “civilization”? OR Is that word saved for particular people who have achieved particular things? World History--Early civ. and Egypt 2 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt SMALL GROUPS: What are 5 requirements of a civilization. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 3 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt 1. Cities 2. Specialized workers 3. Writing 4. Advanced technology 5. Complex institutions Like: Organized religious institution, legal system, government, etc. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 4 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt Long before any civilizations as we know them flourished, ancient humans (humanlike beings) walked the earth. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 5 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt 4.4 million years ago: AUSTRALOPITHECUS • 3-5’ tall, bipedal, small brain, flat nose, large teeth World History--Early civ. and Egypt 6 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt 1.5 million years ago: HOMO HABILIS (person of ability) • Used rudimentary tools…slightly bigger physically than predecessors. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 7 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt 100-200,000 years ago: HOMO SAPIENS: • “Person who thinks” • First Homo Sapiens: NEANDERTHAL 5.5’ TALL, Brains slightly larger than modern humans, stocky bodies, muscular, thick necks, nomadic hunter-gatherers, used fire, sophisticated tools that were skillfully crafted (stone knives, spear points and bone tools). World History--Early civ. and Egypt 8 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt There is evidence that Neanderthal man buried their dead. He had the beginnings of what we call CULTURE: The way of life—language, tools, skills, beliefs, and traditions—that a people develop, follow, and leave to their children. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 9 Young Neanderthal World History--Early civ. and Egypt 10 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt The Neolithic Revolution: World History--Early civ. and Egypt 11 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt Paleolithic culture Neolithic culture Housing Means of Living: Technology Social Org. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 12 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt Paleolithic culture: HOUSING: Caves, campsites, huts, tents… Means of Living: Hunting and gathering. Technology: Simple tools of chipped stone, flint, wood or bone. Basketry Social organization: Nomadic groups of 25-40 people; society of equals, sharing of resources World History--Early civ. and Egypt 13 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt Neolithic Revolution: Housing: Houses or mud and stone Means of Living: Farming and herding Technology: Farming tools made of ground stone; spinning and weaving; pottery making; metal working Social organization: Villages and early cities; specialization; private property. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 14 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt The Neolithic Revolution, in the end, was: The most important technological development ever to occur in human history was the domestication of plants (agriculture) and animals. Together these developments are called the Neolithic Revolution and they allowed the development of urban centers (towns and, later, cities), trade and most of the other things we consider to be components of "civilization." World History--Early civ. and Egypt 15 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt And….Civilizations began to flourish World History--Early civ. and Egypt 16 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt World History--Early civ. and Egypt 17 World History--Early civ. and Egypt 18 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt Egypt is often called: The “gift of the Nile”. Why might that be? World History--Early civ. and Egypt 19 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt 95% of Egypt is desert. The Nile is 4100 miles long making it the longest river in the world—a thin ribbon in a parched desert. Very plainly, life would not be possible without the river. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 20 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt No rain or smaller rivers add to the Nile. Its waters originate in the distant mountains, plateaus, and lakes of Central Africa. So remote were these places that they were called the mountains of the moon. Main source of the Nile is Lake Victoria. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 21 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt Other gifts: Transportation, fertile soil. Every year, in June, the Nile floods. This predictability makes it a tremendous asset to farmers. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 22 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt Importance of the deserts: To the West, the vast sands of the Libyan desert and to the East, along the Red Sea, lies the Arabian Desert. These deserts forced the Egyptians to stay close to the fertile soils along the river but also protected them from invaders. Thanks to this, Egypt was spared the constant warfare of the fertile crescent. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 23 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt Howard Carter World History--Early civ. and Egypt 24 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt King Tutankhamen World History--Early civ. and Egypt 25 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt World History--Early civ. and Egypt 26 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt World History--Early civ. and Egypt 28 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt Nefertiti World History--Early civ. and Egypt 29 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt World History--Early civ. and Egypt 30 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt World History--Early civ. and Egypt 31 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt Egyptians lived in farming villages as far back as 6000b.c. They domesticated cattle, goats, sheep, and donkeys. They worshipped the wild creatures of the Nile. The used stone tools to clear and cultivate the land. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 32 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt So, small villages were scattered along the river. What to do? Villages attacked other villages….. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 33 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt Villages united into NOMES. Each with its own chieftain, rituals, and gods. Of course, the raiding continued… By 3200b.c., the Egyptians were coming into contact with the Mesopotamians…caravans loaded for trade were traveling between the two regions. Whole groups of people were moving back and forth in search of a better life, better farming, etc. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 34 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt At the same time, important changes were occurring in Egypt. The first Kings arose…..uniting the territories of many Nomes. Development of their own system of writing. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 35 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt By 3200b.c., the Nomes of Egypt had united into two kingdoms. One king ruled Lower Egypt and word a red crown. One king ruled Upper Egypt and wore a white crown. • PROBLEM WITH HAVING TWO KINGDOMS AND TWO KINGS IN ONE LAND? World History--Early civ. and Egypt 36 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt By 3100b.c., the strong-willed king of Upper Egypt—MENES—united both kingdoms into one. As a symbol of his united kingdom, he wore a crown of white and red. He would create the new capitol city of Memphis. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 37 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt Pharaohs—like Menes—ruled Egypt as Gods….handing power down through the male line. A Dynasty. Eventually the history of Egypt would comprise 31 dynasties spanning more than 2800 years. The fortunes of the pharaohs would rise and fall. Strength followed weakness and prosperity followed ruin. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 38 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt Egyptian history is divided into three major periods: The Old Kingdom: 2660-2180 The Middle Kingdom: 2080-1640 The New Kingdom: 1570-1075 World History--Early civ. and Egypt 39 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt The Old Kingdom was the great age of the pyramid. Tombs, for the Pharaoh, were even more important than the palace in which they lived. The Pharaoh was expected to live forever…and so they spent much of their wealth on their tomb—from which, they would be reborn. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 40 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt This God-King (Pharaoh) stood at the center of Egypt’s religion as well as its government and army. Considered responsible for whatever circumstances befell the country. Responsible for justice. Pharaoh was believed to have an eternal spirit or KA. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 41 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt Toward the end of the Old Kingdom, the power of the Pharaohs declined. In large part because of poor harvests, famine. More and more power fell into the hands of nobles and officials. If Pharaoh is like a God, why is he doing this to us? People began to doubt his authority. Eventually, civil war would tear the country apart. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 42 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt Egyptians called the period of time following the Old Kingdom, the First Illness. 2180-2080 Poor harvests and lawlessness plagued the region. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 43 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt It would be two young princes: Intef and Mentuhotep who would reunite the broken lands into rule by one King again. They would usher in the Middle Kingdom But, the Pharaoh would never really regain their power. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 44 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt The Middle Kingdom Law and order returns to Egypt. Farming, trade, and the arts all flourish. Pharaohs move the Capitol from Memphis to Thebes. Projects for the common good. Indeed, it is the first time that Pharaohs seem to care about the common folks. Religious beliefs even began to reflect the importance of the common man. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 45 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt Capitol is moved World History--Early civ. and Egypt 46 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt Temple to Horus built during Mid. King. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 47 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt Eventually, Egypt’s greatness would be broken in two by another civil war…ushering in the SECOND ILLNESS What happens to a country during times of civil war? World History--Early civ. and Egypt 48 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt The country is left vulnerable during such periods to things like: INVASION. And…that is exactly what happens. Invaders swept across the Isthmus of Suez in horse-drawn chariots. The conquerors were Asian nomads known as the Hyksos. They would rule much of Egypt from 16401570 b.c. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 49 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt The proud Egyptians despised their uncivilized conquerors. But…they did learn a few things: The making of bronze—harder than the copper that they had been using. How to wage war using horse-drawn chariots, bows and arrows (powerful new kind of bow). New techniques in the gentler arts—weaving and spinning. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 50 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt The Hyksos take over World History--Early civ. and Egypt 51 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt 1600b.c. A series of warlike rulers began to restore Egypt’s power QUEEN AHHOTEP was instrumental in finally driving the enemy out of Egypt. KAMOSE, the next pharaoh, won a great victory over the Hyksos. Eventually the Egyptians would chase the Hyksos all the way to Palestine. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 52 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt The New Kingdom This would be an age of empire and empire building. Third period of glory: 1570-1075 World History--Early civ. and Egypt 53 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt The kingdom of Egypt would become wealthier and more powerful than ever before. Buildings larger and more magnificent. This was the period during which Tut’s tomb was built. Yet, much of what was built no longer exists. The work just wasn’t as carefully crafted as the work of the Old Kingdom. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 54 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt Thutmosis III Greatest conqueror of the New Kingdom World History--Early civ. and Egypt 55 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt Ramesses II reclaimed Egypt's lost glory through war and peace treaties World History--Early civ. and Egypt 56 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt Arts and crafts flourished as you can see by this fine relief of Seti I World History--Early civ. and Egypt 57 World History--Early civ. and Egypt 58 World History--Early civ. and Egypt 59 World History--Early civ. and Egypt 60 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt What do you think the invasion by the Hyksos had done to Egypt? World History--Early civ. and Egypt 61 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt Basically, it had shaken their confidence in their desert protection. The Pharaohs of the New Kingdom were far more warrior-like that those that had come before them. First goal: to build a professional army. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 62 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt The Egyptian army had bronze-tipped spears and shields made of wood and ox-hide. They do not seem to have worn armor. The Pharaohs in the New Kingdom fought from chariots drawn by horses—a skill that they had learned from the conquering Hyksos. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 63 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt Nubian mercenaries were hired to protect Egypt World History--Early civ. and Egypt 64 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt World History--Early civ. and Egypt 65 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt By 1300, the Egyptians had crossed the Sinai peninsula and had conquered parts of Syria and Palestine. This advance brought them face to face with another group—the Hittites. These were the first people to discover the process of smelting iron. THINK: CULTURAL DIFFUSION World History--Early civ. and Egypt 66 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt After a series of confrontations, they were at a stalemate. What is a stalemate? From where do we get the term? What options do you have when you are in a stalemate? World History--Early civ. and Egypt 67 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt The only answer was either to wipe each other off the face of the earth or come to some sort of agreement. So, the Pharaoh and the Hittite king made a treaty promising peace and brotherhood between the two groups forever. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 68 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt For the first time, the Egyptians come to realize that they were not the most powerful people in the world. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 69 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt One of the greatest Pharaohs of the period was Ramesses who lived to be 99 and had, according to legend, more than 150 children. He built the great temple to AMON— Egypt’s chief sun-god—at Karnak. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 70 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt Religion: MAAT (muh-aht) • The virtues of a good life. • The idea of justice, right, truth, and order. • One wanted to live according to Maat World History--Early civ. and Egypt 71 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt Osiris Powerful god of the dead Would weigh each dead person’s heart • The heart could be no heavier than a feather • What hope was there if you had a heavy heart? World History--Early civ. and Egypt 72 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt No problem: Employ a priest. • Pay him enough and anything was possible. • Priests had enormous power and prestige and could influence the gods with their magic. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 73 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt Religion would become a serious issue for a Pharaoh named Akhenaton who believed that Egyptians should turn to monotheism—worshipping one God: ATON. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 74 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt Akhenaton World History--Early civ. and Egypt 75 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt Akhenaton probably was trying, in his own way, to curtail the power of the priests of Egypt. They had become almost as powerful as the Pharaoh himself. Akhenaton felt that something had to be done. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 76 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt Most Egyptians of the period would be horrified by the thought of this. This included the young prince Tutankhamon. World History--Early civ. and Egypt 77 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt Tutankhamon World History--Early civ. and Egypt 78 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt Draw a pyramid: Slaves commoners Divide the pyramid up into different sections: Nobles Peasants Where would you locate each of the following groups? Pharaoh Military elite Women Priests Soldiers World History--Early civ. and Egypt 79 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt PHARAOH Nobles/Priests Military elite Soldiers Commoners Slaves…….Women…..Peasants World History--Early civ. and Egypt 80 World History—Early Civ. And Egypt World History--Early civ. and Egypt 81