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Psychological Disorders
Chapter 12
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Historical Views of Psychological
Disorders

Stone Age-relieve
brain pressure
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
PreClassical Period
China-institutions by 1140 B.C.
 Egypt and the Babylonian Empire


Evil spirits-5000 B.C.
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Classical Period

Greeks
500 B.C. Brain center of Intelligence
 400 B.C. Hippocrates interested in Dream
Analysis; Predisposition to Disorders
 Alexander the Great

 Institutions

for the mentally ill
Entertainment and exercise
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Medieval Period
Exorcism
 Amulets

Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
15th -18th Centuries

Witchcraft
Torture
 Salem Witch Trials


Saint Mary of Bethlehem in London

Bedlam
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Humane Treatment

Philippe Pinel

France, early 1800’s
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Classifying Psychological
Disorders

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM-V-TR)
Focuses on significant behavioral patterns
 Lists symptoms

Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
The Prevalence of Psychological
Disorders
14.9% experiencing some type of clinically
significant mental disorder
 Six percent suffering from substance
abuse
 Most common disorders are anxiety,
phobias, and mood disorders
 1% Schizophrenia

Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Mood Disorders
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Depression


90% of Mood Disorders
Symptoms




Major depressive disorder


Overwhelming feelings of sadness
Lack of interest in activities
Excessive guilt or feelings of worthlessness
Intense symptoms that may last for several months
Dysthymia

Less intense, but may last for periods of two years or
more
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Severe Depressive Symptoms
26% of Women
 12% of Men

Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall

Tricyclics


Increase Norepinephrine
Side effects: drowsiness, insomnia, tremors, blurred vision



Prevent MAO enzyme from completing reuptake of
neurotransmitter Norepinephrine
Side effects: cannot process beer, wine, cheese, and
chocolate…leads to high blood pressure, intracranial
pressure…death
Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors


Elavil
MAO inhibitors


Treatment
Celexia, Zoloft, Paxil, and Prozac
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Mania
Not as common as depression
 Symptoms

Feelings of euphoria
 Extreme physical activity
 Excessive talkativeness
 Grandiosity


Mania rarely appears alone, but usually as
part of bipolar disorder
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Bipolar Disorder
Characterized by alternating between
depression and mania
 Periods of normal mood may come
between bouts of depression and mania
 Much less common than depression
 Stronger biological component than
depression
 Treatment…Lithium Carbonate
 Side Effects…Convulsions and Delirium

Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Causes of Mood Disorders

Biological factors
Twin studies demonstrate that genetic factors
play a role in development of depression
 Mood disorders may be linked to chemical
imbalances in the brain

Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Causes of Mood Disorders
Psychological factors
 Negative self-concept


Cognitive distortions
 Maladaptive
response to early negative life events
that leads to feelings of incompetence and
unworthiness

These responses are reactivated whenever a
new situation arises that resembles the
original events
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Causes of Mood Disorders

Social factors
Depression is linked to troubled close
relationships
 May explain greater incidence of depression
in women, who tend to be more relationshiporiented
 Depressed people can evoke anxiety and
hostility in others, who then withdraw, which in
turn can intensify feelings of depression

Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Suicide
19,000 people commit suicide in the U.S.
every year, the 11th leading cause of death
 More women than men attempt suicide,
but more men succeed

Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall

Physicians have a suicide rate 7 times the
general population
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Anxiety Disorders
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Anxiety Disorders

Any disorder in which anxiety is a
characteristic feature or avoidance of
anxiety motivates abnormal behavior

Most prevalent of psychological disorders
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Specific Phobias:
most common disorder for women



Intense fear of specific situations or objects
Common phobias include animals, heights,
closed places, needles
Social phobias



Excessive fear of social situations
Ricky Williams and Paxil
Agoraphobia (3-6% of the entire population)

Intense fear of crowds and public places or other
situations that require separation from source of
security, such as the home
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Panic Disorder (1%)
Recurrent panic attacks in which the
person experiences intense terror without
cause
 Person is often left with fear of having
another panic attack
 Can lead to agoraphobia

Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Other Anxiety Disorders

Generalized anxiety disorder
Prolonged vague but intense fears not
attached to any particular object or
circumstance
 Correlation to Alcohol use


Obsessive-compulsive disorder (1-2%)

Driven to disturbing thoughts (obsessions)
and/or performing senseless rituals
(compulsions)
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Causes of Anxiety Disorders

Conditioning




For example, phobias can be learned through
classical conditioning
Feelings of not being in control can lead to
anxiety
Predisposition to anxiety disorders may be
inherited
Displacement or repression of unacceptable
thoughts or impulses can lead to anxiety
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Natural Disasters

Disaster Syndrome
 Shock
Phase
 Recovery Phase
 Guilt
about own behavior; survival; deaths of
others
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Military Combat

Military Combat Breakdown
Depression and Physical Exhaustion
 Heightened irritability
 Guilt

Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Rape

Rape Trauma Syndrome

Half of all victims
 Respond

Other half
 Highly


expressively (crying, fear, anxiety)
controlled, calm exterior
Soon followed by periods of terror
One quarter of victims show signs of stress
years after event sexual dysfunction is a long
term problem
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Dissociative Disorders
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative disorders are mental illnesses
that involve disruptions or breakdowns of
memory, conscious awareness, identity,
and/or perception.
 Dissociative Amnesia


Memory loss that's more severe than normal
forgetfulness and that can't be explained by a
medical condition.
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall

Dissociative fugue


The key feature is "sudden, unexpected travel
away from home or one's customary place of
daily activities, with inability to recall some or
all of one's past," according to the APA.
Depersonalization disorder
Marked by periods of feeling disconnected or
detached from one's body and thoughts
 Sometimes described as feeling like you are
observing yourself from outside your body or
like being in a dream

Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Previously called multiple personality disorder
 Characterized by at least two distinct and
relatively enduring identities or dissociated
personality states that alternately control a
person's behavior, and is accompanied by
memory impairment for important information
not explained by ordinary forgetfulness

Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Causes of Dissociative Disorders
Seems to involve unconscious processes
 Memory impairments may also include
biological factors such as normal aging
and Alzheimer’s disease
 Dissociation is common with use of some
drugs such as LSD
 Trauma may also be involved

Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Personality Disorders
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Personality Disorders
Approximately 3% of men and 1% of
women have a personality disorder
 Rate among prisoners of antisocial
personality disorder is close to 50%

Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Personality Disorders

Schizoid




Very suspicious of others
Inability to make decisions or
act independently and cannot
tolerate being alone
Avoidant


Borderline

Social anxiety leading to
isolation
Narcissistic

Grandiose sense of selfimportance

Instability in self-image, mood,
and interpersonal relationships
Antisocial
Dependent


Withdrawn and lacks feelings
for others
Paranoid



Pattern of violent, criminal, or
unethical behavior with no
sense of remorse
Passive-Aggressive

This diagnosis infers an
underlying hostile or
aggressive outlook which is
expressed covertly by passive
behavior which blocks
compliance with duties or the
requisites of others.
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Causes of Antisocial Personality
Disorder
Combination of biological predisposition,
adverse psychological experiences, and
an unhealthy social environment
 Also possible link to damaged frontal lobe
during infancy
 Emotional deprivation during childhood
may lead to antisocial tendencies

Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Schizophrenic Disorders
Severe disorders characterized by
disturbances of thought, communication,
and emotions
 Hallucinations



Sensory experiences without external
stimulation
Delusions

False beliefs about reality
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Types of Schizophrenic Disorders

Disorganized
schizophrenia





Bizarre and childlike
behavior
May engage in incoherent
conversations
Catatonic schizophrenia

Paranoid schizophrenia
Can alternate between a
catatonic state (mute and
immobile) and an overly
active state (overly excited
and shouting)

Marked by extreme
suspiciousness and
complex delusions
Undifferentiated
schizophrenia

Clear symptoms of
schizophrenia that do not
meet criteria for other
subtypes
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Causes of Schizophrenia






Biological predisposition to schizophrenia may
be inherited
Twin studies show genetic link
Excessive levels of dopamine lead to psychotic
symptoms
Abnormalities of brain structures
Abnormal patterns of connections between brain
cells
May involve family relationships and social class
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Childhood Disorders

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
(AD/HD)
Characterized by inattention, impulsiveness,
and hyperactivity
 Causes not fully understood
 Psychostimulants

 Drugs
that increase the ability of children with
AD/HD to focus
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Childhood Disorders

Autistic Disorder
Characterized by lack of social instincts and
strange motor behavior
 Fail to form normal attachments to parents
 May withdraw into their own world
 Causes are not known

Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Gender and Cultural
Differences in
Psychological Disorders
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Gender Differences
More women are in treatment for
psychological disorders
 Men who are divorced or separated, or
who never married, have a higher rate of
mental disorders
 Married women have higher rates than
married men
 Women have higher rates of anxiety
disorders and depression

Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Gender Dysphoria
Involves a desire to become, or insistence
that one really is, a member of the other
sex
 Usually begins in childhood
 Most develop normal gender identity in
adulthood
 Sex reassignment surgery is an option for
adults who have this issue
 Causes are not known

Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Psychosomatic and
Somatoform Disorders
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Psychosomatic Disorders
Real physical illness with psychological
causes such as stress or anxiety
 Tension headaches, for example

Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Somatoform Disorders


Physical symptoms without any physical cause
Person experiences symptoms as real

Somatization disorder


Conversion disorder


Dramatic, specific disability without physical cause
Hypochondriasis


Vague, recurrent physical complaints without physical cause
Minor symptoms are interpreted as sign of serious illness
Body dysmorphic disorder

Person becomes preoccupied with imagined ugliness and
cannot function normally
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Signs and Symptoms of BDD









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Frequent glancing in reflective surfaces
Skin picking
Avoiding mirrors
Repeatedly measuring the perceived defect
Repeated requests for reassurance about the
defect.
Elaborate grooming rituals.
Camouflaging some aspect of one’s appearance
with one’s hand, a hat, or makeup.
Repeated touching of the defect
Avoiding social situations where the defect might be
seen by others.
Anxiety when with other people
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Causes of Somatoform Disorders

Freud


Cognitive behavioral


Symptoms related to traumatic experience in
the past
Examines ways in which the behavior is being
rewarded
Biological perspective

May be real physical illnesses that are
misdiagnosed or overlooked
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall