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Opposing Views on Secession 8-4.4 Focus Question: What were the different viewpoints regarding secession prior to late 1860? The election of 1860 prompted South Carolina to secede from the Union. Why? Because Lincoln was a Republican (Free-Soiler) and therefore opposed slavery in the territories, many Southerners assumed it was only a matter of time before the Constitution was amended to end slavery. Mount Rushmore Started in 1924 and finished in 1941 in the Black Hills of South Dakota George Washington Thomas Jefferson Teddy Roosevelt Abe Lincoln Southerners were unwilling to let slavery be outlawed. Ending slavery would drastically change Southern society and decrease Southern wealth and political influence. Many feared it would cause the entire economy to collapse in the South. South Carolina, the radical state, led the secession from the Union. Without waiting for Lincoln to be sworn in as President, South Carolina and six other states would secede from the Union to protect the institution of slavery and the Southern way of life. Not everyone supported the idea of seceding from the Union in South Carolina. Three different groups emerged with different ideas on what should be done after Lincoln’s election in 1860. Gardens at Middleton Place argued that breaking away from the Union was the only answer for South Carolina. There was absolutely no other option! The extreme secessionists were also known as radicals or “fire-eaters.” Robert Barnwell Rhett was a well-known fire-eater. were South Carolinians who favored seceding from the Union only as a last resort and only if other Southern states did so as well. They stressed the need to cooperate with the other southern slaveholding states for unity and strength. were South Carolinians who wanted to remain part of the Union. Although they did not agree with the Northern states or federal government, they thought that the Constitution would protect South Carolinians rights to have slaves. In the end, sectional tensions proved too strong for the Unionists, and South Carolina led the South in breaking away from the United States. Rumors of a smallpox outbreak led the convention to be moved from Columbia, the capital, to quickly and conveniently adjourn to Charleston where support for secession was strongest. On December 20, 1860, a convention of the “People of South Carolina” met in Charleston and ratified the Ordinance of Secession. We, the People of the State of South Carolina, in Convention assembled, do declare and ordain… that the union now subsisting between South Carolina and other States, under the name of "The United States of America, "is hereby dissolved. – South Carolina Ordinance of Secession The streets of Charleston were festive in the spirit of Southern pride. Everyone now looked to Lincoln and to Washington, DC for some kind of reaction. Would secession lead to war? By the time Lincoln took office in March, seven states had seceded and formed the Confederate States of America. The New Confederacy now needed a president. A Mississippi Senator was elected as the President of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis. The capital of the Confederacy would be Montgomery, Mississippi for a brief time, then move to Richmond, Virginia. Early , early in the morning on April 12, 1861, residents of Charleston were woken by the sounds of canon fire in the harbor. The first shots of the Civil war were being fired at Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor. This was the start of the Civil War. “At half past four the booming of a cannon. I sprang from my bed, and on my knees prostrate I prayed as I have never prayed before.” Mary Boykin Chestnut who is staying in Charleston, wakes and realizes her husband was out in the Charleston Bay in a boat after delivering a message to the Yankees at Fort Sumter. Fearing the worst, she makes her way to a rooftop to see what is going on. “I Knew my husband was rowing in a boat somewhere in the dark bay, and that the shells were roofing it over, bursting towards the fort.” Last night or this morning truly, up on the housetop I was so weak and weary I sat down on something that looked like a black stool. “Get up you foolish woman. Your dress is on fire,” cried a man. And he put me out. I was on a chimney and the sparks had caught my clothes. Mary Boykin Chestnut watches the battle unfold at Fort Sumter. The Civil War is started in Charleston. The Presidential Challenge! Can you name all 16 Presidents up to the Civil War? John Adams 1797-1801 Thomas Jefferson 1801–1809 James Madison 1809-1817 James Monroe 1817–1825 John Quincy Adams 1825 -1829. Andrew Jackson 1829-1837 Martin Van Buren 1837–1841 William Henry Harrison 1841 John Tyler 1841–1845 James Polk 1845-1849 Zachary Taylor 1849-1850 Millard Fillmore 1850–1853 Franklin Pierce 1853–1857 James Buchanan 1857–1861 Abraham Lincoln 1861-1865