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組織學 Histology 台北醫學大學/解剖學科 教授:邱瑞珍 分機號碼:3261 電子郵件信箱:[email protected] 1 Endocrine System (II) 解剖學科 馮琮涵 副教授 分機3250 E-mail: [email protected] 2 學習目的 • 希望同學知道各內分泌腺體的顯微構造 3 參考資料 • Junqueira's Basic Histology, twelfth edition, text and atlas, Anthony L. Mescher, McGraw-Hill Companies 4 Summary • • • pineal gland – Pinealocytes, glial cells, brain sand thyroid gland – Thyroid follicles: colloid, follicular cells, parafollicular cells parathyroid gland – Principal cells, oxyphil cells • adrenal gland – – – – • • cortex Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculate: spongiocyte Zona reticularis medulla Chromaffin cells, ganglion cells 5 Adrenal glands (supra-renal glands) Location: just superior to the kidney Blood supply: suprarenal arteries from – inferior phrenic arteries, abdominal aorta, renal arteries Adrenal cortex Zona glomerulosa → mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) Zona fasciculata → glucocorticoids (cortisol) Zona reticularis → adrenocortical androgens Adrenal medulla Chromaffin cells(modified sympathetic neurons) → norepinephrine and epinephrine 6 7 Figure 20.13 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Pineal gland Location: at the end of roof of diencephalons (with brain sand – calcium particle) 1. Pinealocytes (modified neurons) → melatonin 2. Neuroglia cells 25 26 27 28 Hypothalamus Neurons in hypothalamus → releasing or inhibiting hormone → hypophyseal portal system → adeno-hypophysis Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) or Supraoptic nucleus (SON) → hypothalami-hypophyseal tract → neuro-hypophysis 29 30 31 32 Thymus Location: lower neck and anterior thorax behind the sternum Epithelial reticular cells → thymic hormone – stimulate T-lymphocyte transformation 33 34 Pancreas Location: posterior and inferior to the stomach Exocrine portion : pancreatic acini Endocrine portion : islets of Langerhans 1. alpha cells → glucagon – raises blood sugar level 2. beta cells → insulin – lowers blood sugar level 3. delta cells → somatostatin – inhibit the secretion of glucagon & insulin 35 36 37 38 islets of Langerhans 39 islets of Langerhans 40 islets of Langerhans 41 42 Ovaries Follicular cells or theca interna cells → estrogens and progesterone Testes Leydig cells (interstitial cells) → testosterone 43 Other endocrine tissues Gastrointestinal tract Enteroendocrine cells – hormone-secreting cells 1. gastrin – promote secretion of gastric juice and movement of GI tract 2. cholecystokinin (CCK) – promote secretion of pancreatic juice and bile Placenta Estrogen, progesterone, corticotropin-releasing hormone human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) – stimulate the corpus luteum to continue the production of estrogens and progesterone to maintain pregnancy 44 Kidney 1. Juxtaglomerular cells → renin – stimulate adrenal cortex secrete aldosterone 2. Intersititial cells of CT or endothelial cells → erythropoietin (EPO) – stimulate bone marrow to increase production of red blood cells Heart Specialized cardiac muscle cells in atria → atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) – decrease blood volumn, blood pressure, blood sodium (Na+) 45 E-11, 12, 14 pineal body • Pinealocyte (larger nucleus) • Neuroglia cell • Brain sand 46 E-51, 52, 53 adrenal gland Adrenal cortex zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zona reticularis Adrenal medulla chromaffin cells 47