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THORACIC LIMB
 Joy
 Tira
 Daniel
 Murshidah
 Mina
 Cid
 Alyaa
 Fika
 Farhana
 Afina
BONES OF THORACIC LIMB
MEDIAL VIEW
LATERAL VIEW
SCAPULAR
CARTILAGE
CRANIAL BORDER
SCAPULAR
TUBER
SUPRASPINOUS
FOSSA
CRANIAL BORDER
DORSAL
BORDER
CAUDAL
ANGLE
INFRASPINOU
S
FOSSA
CAUDAL
BORDER
SCAPULAR SPINE
SUPRAGLENOID
TUBERCLE
VENTRAL
ANGLE
SCAPULAR
CARTILAGE
CAUDAL ANGLE
SUBSCAPULAR
FOSSA
CAUDAL BORER
CRANIAL ANGLE
SERRATED
SURFACE
CRANIAL
BORDER
SCAPULAR NOTCH
NECK OF SCAPULA
VENTRAL ANGLE
SUPRAGLENOID
TUBERCLE
MEDIAL VIEW
LATERAL VIEW
MAJOR TUBERCLE
(CAUDAL)
MAJOR
TUBERCLE
(CRANIAL)
NECK OF
HUMERUS
TERES MINOR
TUBEROSITY
BODY OF HUMERUS
RADIAL FOSSA
HUMERAL
CONDYLE
LATERAL
EPICONDYLE
CRANIAL VIEW
MAJOR
TUBERCLE
HEAD OF
HUMERUS
DELTOID
TUBEROSITY
NECK OF
HUMERUS
BODY OF
HUMERUS
RADIAL
FOSSA
LATERAL
EPICONDYLE
LATERAL
SUPRACONDYLAR
CREST
LATERAL VIEW
MEDIAL VIEW
•ULNA
-IS PLACED CAUDAL TO THE RADIUS
• RADIUS
-IS A ROD-SHAPED BONE
CARPAL BONE
CARPAL BONE ARE ARRANGED IN TWO ROWS:
•CARPAL BONE PRESENT DIFFERENCES IN THE
DIFFERENT SPECIES:
~ HUMAN AND PIG- 8 CARPAL BONE
~ HORSE HAS 7 OR 8 CARPAL BONES, DEPEND ON
THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF THE FIRST
CARPAL BONE
~ CARNIVORES- RADIAL AND INTERMEDIATE
CARPAL BONES ARE FUSED, SO THE TOTAL
NUMBERS OF CARPAL BONES IS REDUCED TO 7
~ RUMINANTS HAVE 6 CARPAL BONES, THE FIRST
CARPAL BONES IS MISSING AND THE SECOND
ANDTHIRD CARPAL BONES ARE FUSED
TOGETHER.
Thoracic Limb - Muscles
Definitions
Origin : The point at which something
comes into existence or from which it
derives or is derived.
Insertion : The act of putting one thing into
another
Function or Action : The way in which
something works or moves.
Origin: Outer surface of
front portion of scapula and
adjacent cartilage
Insertion: Inner and outer
front corners of top of
humerus
Function: Extends the
shoulder joint to advance
the limb.
Origin : Outer surface of rear
portion of scapula and adjacent
cartilage.
Insertion: Outer side of top of
humerus.
Function: Pulls the limb away from
body; rotates arm outward
Deltoideus
Origin: 1)Acromial portion:
Acromion and along the spine for a
short distance. 2)Scapular portion:
Spine of the scapula and partly into
the rear edge of the bony scapula.
Insertion: One third of the way
down on the outside of the
humerus. The scapular portion also
inserts onto the surface of the
lateral head of
the triceps.
Function: Flexes shoulder joint,
pulling away the limb from the body
Origin: Upper third of the rear surface
of humerus
Insertion: Inner side of radius to the
top, slightly below and to the inside of
the biceps muscle
Function: Flexes the elbow joint
Origin: Bony prominence on the front
of the lower end of the scapula.
Insertion: 1. Inner front corner of the
top of the radius. 2. Ligament on
the inside of the elbow. 3. By a special
long tendinous extension, into
the tendon of the extensor carpi
radialis muscle (and therefore indirectly
into the front of the metacarpal bone).
Action: Flexes the elbow joint; extends
the shoulder joint (and locks
the shoulder in place when the animal
is in the standing position).
Origin: Long head: Most or all
of the rear border of the
scapula. Lateral
head: Curved ridge on upper
outer surface of the humerus.
Insertion: Side and top of the
olecranon of the humerus
(point of the
elbow).
Action: Long head: Both
extends the elbow joint and
flexes the
shoulder joint. Lateral head:
Extends the elbow joint only.
Origin: Lower third
of humerus
Insertion: A line of
outer surface
of the end of the
ulna.
Function: Extends
the elbow joint.
Origin: Bony ridge on the
outside lower third of
humerus
Insertion: Top of front space
of metacarpal bone
Function: Extends and locks
the wrist joint, flexes the
elbow joint.
Origin: From lower end of
the humerus.
Insertion: Upper edge of the
front of the two lower toe
bones of outer digits.
Functions: Extends all outer
toe joints, flexes the elbow
joint.
Ulnaris lateralis
Origin: Outer surface of lower end
of humerus, behind the elbow joint
ligament.
Insertion: Top of the outer surface
of the single metacarpal bone.
Function: Flexes the wrist joint ;
extends the elbow joint
Extensor Carpi Obliquus
Origin : lower half of the outer
surface of the radius and an
adjacent area on the ulna.
Insertion : inner side of the upper
end of the metacarpal bone.
Action : extends the carpal joint.
Origin : lower end of the
inner surface of the
humerus.
Insertion : upper inner
corner of the metacarpal
bone.
Action : flexes the wrist
joint ; extends the elbow
joint.
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Origin : lower end of the
inside surface of the
humerus ; inner surface,
towards the rear , of the
upper end of the ulna.
Insertion : upper edge end
of the ulna
Action: flexes the wrist
joint ; extends the elbow
joint.
JOINTS OF THE THORACIC
LIMB
NAME
SHOULDER
JOINT
BONES
INVOLVED
TYPE OF
JOINT
FUNCTION
GLENOID
CAVITY OF
SCAPULA
AND HEAD
OF
HUMERUS
SIMPLE
RESTRICTED
SPHEROIDAL TO FLEXION
AND
EXTENSION
REMARKS
INFRASPINATUS
AND
SUBSCAPULARIS
ACT AS
CONTRACTILE
LIGAMENTS
***
THE SHOULDER JOINT LINKS THE CONSIDERABLY
SMALLER GLENOID CAVITY OF THE SCAPULA TO THE
LARGER HUMERAL HEAD . ****

The shoulder joint is a typical SPHEROIDAL JOINT
in structure & theoretically have a versatility of
movement.

Its actual range of movement is limited by the
surrounding muscles.

It therefore functions as a HINGE JOINT with the
primary movements being flexion & extension.

Rotation, adduction, & abduction are restricted ,
but possible especially in carnivores ,in which
abduction of 60° ,pronation of 35° & supination of
45° is possible. (eg : in the horse , lateral n medial
movements are almost impossible due to the
cylindrical shape of the humeral head.)
JOINT OF THORACIC
LIMB-ELBOW JOINT
ELBOW JOINT
 JOINT IS A POINT OF ARTICULATION BETWEEN 2 OR
MORE BONES,ESPECIALLY SUCH A CONNECTION THAT
ALLOW MOVEMENT.
 HUMERUS,RADIUS AND ULNA JOIN TO FORM THE
ELBOW JOINT.
 LIGAMENT ARE PRESENT IN THE ELBOW JOINT.
Name
Bone involved
Type of joint
Function
a)Humeroulnar
articulation
Condyle of
humerus and
ulna
Simple hinge
joint
Flexion and
extension
b)Humeroulnar Condyle of
articulation
humerus and
head of
humerus
Simple hinge
joint
Flexion and
extension
c)Proximal
radioulnar
articulation
Simple pivot
joint
No movement
Articulator
circumference
notch of ulna
Ulnacarpal and
Radiocarpal
joints
Middle Carpal
joints
Carpal Joint
Intercarpal Joint
Carpometacarpal
Joints
Antebrachiocarpal joint
Consist of radiocarpal joint and ulnacarpal
joint
 Horse
hinge
 Carnivorse
ellipsoidal
 Ruminants
cochlear

Middle carpal joints
Hinge joint
 Formed between proximal and distal
carpal bones

Middle carpal joints
•Firm articulation
•Have very limited range of movement
Carpometacarpal joints

Between distal carpal bones and
metacarpal bones (plane joints)

LIGAMENTS:
◦ Long lateral and medial collateral ligaments
◦ Short ligament (joining neighbouring bones of
the same row or adjacent rows)

Long lateral collateral ligament
◦ Connect to the lateral metacarpal bone
◦ Has 2 deep branches : ulnar carpal bone and
fourth carpal bone

Long medial colllateral ligament
◦ Medial styloid process of the radius and the
proximal extremity of the medial metacarpal

Short ligament
◦ Vertical
◦ Horizontal
◦ short
Thank You