Download January 2014: Mid-Year Proficiency Study Guide Chapter 1

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January 2014: Mid-Year Proficiency Study Guide
Chapter 1
1. Explain what is occurring on both of the following distance vs. time graphs.
Graph B: The object has stopped; remaining at the same distance as the time moves
forward.
Graph D: The object’s speed is increasing at a constant rate.
2. Define acceleration. What causes objects to accelerate?
Acceleration - a measure of the change in velocity during a period of time; an object
Accelerates when it increases speed, decreases speed, or changes direction.
3. FORMULAS – complete the following formulas.

Speed:

Average Speed: average speed = total distance ÷total time

Velocity:
speed= distance ÷ time
velocity = distance ÷ time add direction you are traveling.
Chapter 2
1. Compare contact and noncontact forces. Give an example of a each.
Contact Force – Force applied when two objects touch. Example: pushing in a chair.
Non-Contact Force – A force that one object applies to another object without
touching it. Example: gravity, magnetism.
2. How can an unbalanced force cause an object to accelerate? (3 ways)
An unbalanced force can cause an object to speed up, slow down or change direction.
3. Define static, sliding and fluid friction.
Static Friction – friction that acts on objects that are not moving.
Sliding Friction – friction that acts on surfaces rubbing against each other
Fluid Friction – friction that acts on acts on objects moving through a gas or liquid.
4. Define Newton’s Law’s
a. Newton’s 1st Law – An object in motion will stay in motion and an object at rest
will stay at rest, unless acted on by an unbalanced force.
 Define Inertia – The tendency of an object to resist a change in motion.
 Example: When you are driving in a car and the car comes to a stop your
body wants to continue to move forward (inertia), but the seatbelt
(unbalanced force) stops you
b. Newton’s 2nd Law – law that states that the acceleration of an object is equal to the
net force exerted on the object divided by the object's mass (Force = mass x
acceleration)
 Example: When you add more force to your grocery cart it will accelerate
if mass remains the same.
a. Newton’s 3rd Law – law that states that for every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction
 Example: When you push the door (action force) the door pushes back
on you (reaction force), which allows the door to open (result)
Chapter 3
Energy
Kinetic
Definition
The energy an object has because it is in
motion.
Stored energy that depends on the interaction
of objects, particles, or atoms.
Energy that is stored in and released from the
bonds between atoms.
Example
Walking, moving car
Radiant
The energy carried by electromagnetic waves.
Thermal
Visible light, electromagnetic
spectrum
Heat
The sum of the kinetic energy and potential
energy of the particles that make up an object
The sum of potential energy and kinetic energy Windmill, rollercoaster, turbine
Potential
Chemical
Mechanical
A kite in a tree
A battery; cheeseburger
in a system of objects.
The form of energy associated with the
vibration or disturbance of matter
Energy stored in and released from the nucleus
of an atom
Sound
Nuclear
Electrical
Gravitational
potential
The energy that an electric current carries is a
form of kinetic energy.
The stored energy due to height.
Animals use
echolocation
Sun – nuclear fusion
Uranium atom (in nuclear power
plant) – nuclear fission.
Outlets, appliances
Kite stuck in a tree
5. Explain the difference between an energy transfer and an energy transformation.
Energy Transfer – movement of one type of energy from one object to another.
Energy Transformation – Conversion of one type of energy to another type of energy.
6. According to the law of conservation of energy, energy is never created or destroyed.
7. Explain the multiple transformations that occur when a match is struck.
Mechanical – striking of match against the matchbox
Chemical – sulfur and phosphorus
Thermal – heat given off
Radiant – light given off
8. Give an example of the following simple machines:
a. Wheel and axle – pizza cutter
c. Pulley - pulling up shades
b. Screw – bottle cap
d. lever- bottle opener
Chapter 4
9. Explain how light travels through:
Transparent objects – light is transmitted through transparent objects (almost all
light travels through)
Example: glass window
Translucent objects – some light passes through, but some is absorbed creating a
blurry image.
Example: wax paper
Opaque objects – Light is reflected, no light passes through.
Example: wooden door
10. Using the electromagnetic spectrum, what has the:
Longest wavelength? Radio wave
Shortest wavelength
gamma ray
Greatest frequency? Gamma ray
Lowest Frequency:
radio wave
11. What does the law of reflection state? The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection.