Download anxiety and mood disorders ppt.

Anxiety and
Depression
Do Now
• Compare/contrast anxiety and depression
– How would diagnosis differ?
– How might different perspectives approach these disorders?
Anxiety Disorders
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• Panic Disorder
• Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder
• Post-traumatic Stress
Disorder
• Phobias (Social, Specific)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
(GAD)
• “free floating anxiety”
• In addition to subjective stress, often
accompanied by physical symptoms
(muscle tension, et cetera)
– Think sympathetic and parasympathetic
Panic disorders
•
•
•
Panic attacks: several
minutes of extremely
intense feelings of terror,
racing heart, faintness,
and/or sensations of
choking
Unlike phobias, no obvious
stimuli (can be induced in
lab by caffeine or carbon
dioxide)
Unlike OCD, can’t stem off
of rituals
Fear, Anxiety and Phobia
-
Fear is a response to a specific present stimulus.
Anxiety is a state of worry about vague, unidentified, or
future dangers.
- An excessive or inappropriate fear is called a phobia.
Some common phobias:
Acrophobia
Fear of heights
Monophobia
Fear of being alone
Ailurophobia
Fear of cats
Mysophobia
Fear of dirt
Algophobia
Fear of pain
Nyctophobia
Fear of the dark
Aquaphobia
Fear of water
Ocholophobia
Fear of crowds
Arachnophobia
Fear of spiders
Thanatophobia
Fear of death
Astraphobia
Fear of lightening
Triskaidekaphobia
Fear of the number 13
Claustrophobia
Fear of enclosed
places
Xenophobia
Fear of strangers
Cynophobia
Fear of dogs
Zoophobia
Fear of animals
Hemaophobia
Fear of blood
Phobias
• Population: 14 Million adults
• Characteristics
– Intense, irrational fear of a particular
object or context
• Cultural dependency of phobias
– Kyofusho
• In Japan, many people suffer from
a vicious cycle of self examination
and reproach which can occur in
people of hypochondriacal
temperament
• report a fear of offending or
harming other people. The focus is
thus on avoiding harm to others
rather than to oneself
• The role of the amygdala
– Processing fearful stimuli
– The role of the prefrontal cortex
• Planning behaviors
OCD
• Population: 2-3 million
• Characteristics
– Irrational, reoccurring
thoughts, that can lead
to repetitive behaviors
– Feeling that person
lack’s control over
thoughts, rationality
– Compulsion:
unreasonable or
excessive acts that
reduce the unpleasant
tension associated with
obsession)
• OCD is associated with the
neurotransmitter, serotonin
PTSD
• Uncontrollable and
painful reliving of
traumatic experience
– More often related to
repeated over single event
• Extent and frequency of
exposure key
– Can co-occur with several
non-anxiety disorders
• EX: depression, alcoholism
Mood Disorders
• Depression
– Major depressive disorder
(very intense, at least 2
weeks)
– Dysthymia (less severe, at
least 2 years)
• Often, major depressive
episodes superimposed over
chronic dysthymia
• Seasonal Affective Disorder
(SAD)
• Bipolar (manic-depression)
– Major bipolar disorder
– Cyclothymia (less severe)
What are the symptoms of
Depressive Disorders?
Primary Symptoms
• Sadness
• Self-Blame
• Sense of Worthlessness
• Absence of Pleasure
• Helplessness
Other Symptoms
• Changes in sleep patterns
• Changes in appetite
• Agitated motor movements (Pacing, hand-wringing)
• Retarded motor movements (Slowed speech and movements)
• Social withdrawal, and decline of previous interests and abilities
Psychological Mechanisms in Depression
•
•
•
Locus of control
– Stable, global, internal
attributions for failure
Learned helplessness
(Seligman’s dogs)
– behavioral - wouldn't escape
when could
–
emotional - listless and
frightened
–
cognitive - trouble learning
new tasks
Vicious cycle
1. Stressful experiences
2. Negative explanatory style
3. Depressed mood
4. Cognitive and behavioral
changes
Genetic Mechanisms in Depression
What causes Depressive Disorders?
Biological
Factors
Situational
Factors
Cognitive Factors
Depression Itself
 Depression may
result when there is
too little activity at
brain synapses that
use monoamine
transmitters
(dopamine,
norepinephrine,
seratonin).
 Depression is
especially associated
with low seratonin
levels
 Studies have found
a small genetic
component to
depression.
 Serious losses
that permanently
change the nature
of one’s daily life
can bring on
depression.
 A depressed mood
can be an adaptive
response in an
evolutionary sense
to some situations.
Depressed people
can behave in ways
that bring on
stressful life events.
 Aaron Beck’s Negative
Triad: Depressed people
have negative views about
themselves, the world, and
the future.
 Seligman’s theory of
Learned Helplessness:
depressed people tend to
attribute problems to stable
and global factors
(depressive attributional
style)
Abramson’s Theory of
Hopelessness: depressed
people believe that desirable
outcomes will not occur, only
undesirable ones will.
Depressed
thinking leads to
depressed actions,
which leads to a
depressed mood,
which leads to
depressed thinking
which leads to
depressed
actions…
 Depressed
people have lower
social skills and
elicit negative
reactions from
others.
SAD
• Seasonal Affective Disorder
(SAD)
– Associated with seasonal
changes in sunlight
– most prevalent nearer the
poles
• successfully treated with bright
fluorescent bulbs during last few
hours of sleep
Bipolar Disorder
• Bipolar disorder and cyclothymia
• Manic phase associated with elation, energy, confidence
– Also associated with irrational thoughts and behaviors (risk taking,
spending sprees, absence from work)
– Some people become extremely irritable and suspicious during
manic phase
• In cyclothymia, actual enhanced ability and creativity
– In serious bipolar disorder, disorganization of thought and action
offsets any benefits of enhanced creativity
– People who suffer through hypomania score higher on “openness
to experience”
– Much of the research on bipolar disorder and creativity is
questionable because it has not been replicated and relies on
anecdotal cases
Causes for Bipolar Disorders
• Biological factors
- Bipolar disorders have a higher genetic component
than depressive disorders.
- Evidence suggests that a low level of norepinephrine
can lead to depression and a high level to mania.
• Other factors
- Manic periods are thought to be a protective
defense against the debilitating depressive periods.
- Manic behavior may be caused by low selfesteem.
Suicide
• Mindset:
– “The will to survive and succeed and been crushed and
defeated… there comes a time when all things cease to
shine, when the rays of hope are lost”
• Characteristics
– 50-80% attempted by people who are depressed, but
most depressed people never attempt suicide
– Third-highest cause of death for 15-24 year-olds
• Boys: fewer attempts, 4x greater success rate
• Much higher rate for whites, Native Americans
– Can be rooted in guilt/shame that seems external and
permanent
– Suicide ideation
• Difference between thought and action
Personality Disorders
• "Chronic, inflexible, maladaptive pattern of perceiving, thinking, and
behaving that seriously impairs an individual's ability to function in
social or other settings"
– Ten recognized by APA, some overlap in symptoms
– for instance, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is
overconscientious, perfectionist, inflexible, preoccupied with
details (not the same type of obsessions and compulsions as OCD)
• difference is in degree and range of symptoms
– the personality disorders don't include all of the characteristics of
the label disorders
– The personality disorders don't exhibit tendencies that are as severe
as other disorders
Personality Disorders Examples
• Paranoid personality disorder - constantly
suspicious, perceive threat in innocuous situations
• Histrionic - "drama queens" - need constant
attention and engage in dramatic shows of emotion
to get it
• Narcissistic - self-important, egotistical, entitled,
exploitative, manipulative
• Antisocial - lie, cheat, steal, fight, etc.; low
empathy or guilt; "psychopath or sociopaths"