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The Development of the English
Vocabulary
09052008 김민형
Contents
 2.1 The Indo-European Language Family
 2.2 A Historical Overview of the English
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Vocabulary
2.2.1 Old English(450~1150)
2.2.2 Middle English(1150~1500)
2.2.3 Modern English(1500~up to now)
2.3 Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary
2.4 Modes of Vocabulary Development
2.1 The Indo-European
Language Family
 It is a group which has similarities in basic
word stock and grammar.
 Europe, the Near East, and India
 The language of each group grew and
developed along different lines.
 Each group can’t communicate with their
language.
2.1 The Indo-European
Language Family
 The similarity bears a more or less direct
relationship to their geographical
distribution.
2.1 The Indo-European
Language Family
2.1 The Indo-European
Language Family
 All these languages have some influence on
English, because each has lent words into
the English vocabulary.
2.2 A historical Overview of
the English Vocabulary
Celts
Romans
Germanics
The first peoples
inhabit in British
Isles.
In BC 55 ,They
invaded the British
Isles and were to
occupy the land
until about 410.
As they took over
and settled in Britain,
the Celtic languages
gradually retreated.
* Celtic : it is dialect
of still another
branch of the IndoEuropean language
family.
*Latin : it is known
in English as the
second major
language.
2.2 A historical Overview of
the English Vocabulary
 As a result Celtic made only a small
contribution to the English vocabulary.
ex) It was driven from Celtic
- Crag (험준한 바위), bin(통,버리다)
- A number of place name : Avon, Kent,
London, Themes.
2.2.1 Old English(450-1150)
Germanic
(Angles,Saxons,Jutes)
1 .They took
permanent control
of England.
2. Their language
(Anglo-saxon)
dominated and
totally blotted out
the Celtic.
At the end of
the 6th century
3.Christianity in
Britain was spread
by Latin-speaking
Roman
missionaries
under St.
Augustine
4.The introduction
of Christianity
brought many
new ideas and
customs and also
many religious
terms
2.2.1 Old English(450-1150)
 The introduction of Christianity brought
-
-
many new ideas and customs and also many
religious terms
abbot(수도원장)
candle(양초),
altar(제단),
amen(아멘),
apostle(사도,주창자)
2.2.1 Old English(450-1150)
 However, users of Old English didn’t borrow
as heavily from Latin or other languages in
this period.
-> They changed meaning of native words or
created new words by combining two native
words.
Change of meaning
Create new word
Easter
Handbook(Hand +book)
2.2.1 Old English(450-1150)
In the 9th century
5. The land was
invaded again
by Norwegian
and Vikings.
6. With the
invaders, Many
Scandinavian
words came
into the English
language
7. At least 900
words of
Scandinavian
origin have
survived in
modern English
Ex) Skirt, Skill,
window, leg ….
2.2.1 Old English(450-1150)
 6. Many Scandinavian words came into the
English language.
 However, they were everyday words.
 Scandinavian invaders were Germanic
people like the Anglo-Saxons, Many words
were exactly alike.
- ex) father,husband,house,life,man,mother
2.2.1 Old English(450-1150)
 Therefore, nouns, pronouns, adjectives,
verbs, and adverbs had complex endings or
vowel changes, or both, which differ greatly
from the language that we use today.
 Old English is inflectional and complex
language.
2.2.2 Middle English
(1150-1500)
In 1066
By the end of
11th century
By the end of
13th Century
1. Normans
invaded England.
2. People spoken
in French had
great influence
with society.
3. English
regained social
status.
In 1066, Norman Conquest
 1. Norman Conquest started a continual flow
of French words into English.
 Although the English was a *despised
language, Norman French became the
polite speech.
By the end of 11th century
 2. All of the people who held political or
social power and many of those in powerful
church positions were of Norman French
origin.
By the end of 11th century
 Therefore, people spoke,wrote, and read in
French could educate their children taught
them in French; and any young man who
sought to earn his living as a scribe learned
Latin or French because there was no
market for such service in English.
By the end of 13th Century
 3. English gradually came back into the
schools, the law courts, and government
and regained social status.
 Chaucer and Wycliff established the
foundation of middle English.
2.2.2 Middle English
(1150-1500)
 From 1250 to 1500, about 9000 words of
French origin poured into English. 75% of
them are still in use today. We can find word
relating to every aspect of human society.
Ex) State,power,prince,duck,judge,court,
crime..
2.2.2 Middle English
(1150-1500)
 Middle English retained(maintained) much
fewer inflections.
 Ending of nouns and adjectives marking
distinction of number
 case and often of gender lost their
distinctive form. (difference between Old
and Middle English)
2.2.2 Middle English
(1150-1500)
 The same is true of the verb.
 Old English is said to be a language of full
endings, Middle English is one of leveled
endings.
2.2.3 Modern English
(1500~ up to now)
 Modern English began with the
establishment of printing in England.
Early ME
(1500-1700)
Modern English
Late ME
(1700-UP to
present)
Early Modern English
(1500-1700)
Renaissance
Europe saw a new
upsurge of
learning ancient
Greek and Roman
classics.
Over 10,000 new
words entered the
English language.
Most of them
were taken form
Latin and Greek.
25% of modern
English words
come almost
directly from
classical
languages.
Renaissance
 Latin and Greek were recognized as the
languages of the Western world’s great
literary heritage and of great scholarship
 Translators and scholars borrowed heavily
from the Latin vocabulary of their source
materials.
 Many Latin words became part of English
vocabulary.
Late Modern English
(1700-up to now)
In the 17th century
After World War 2
England
experienced the
Bourgeois
Revolution
followed by the
Industrial
Revolution and
rose to be a great
economic power.
The word has
seen breathtaking
advanced in
science and
technology.
In
th
the 17 century
 With the growth of colonization, British
tentacles began stretching out to every
corner of the globe, thus enabling English to
absorb words from all major languages of
the world.
After World War 2
 Thousands and thousands of new words
have been created to express new ideas,
inventions, and scientific achievements.
 New words are multiplied in all walks of life.
2.2.3 Modern English
(1500~ up to now)
 In modern English, word endings were
mostly lost with just a few exceptions.
 It can be concluded that English has evolved
from a synthetic language(Old English) to
the present analytic language.
2.2.3 Modern English
(1500~ up to now)
 Example
Old
Middle
Mordern
Leorn-ian
Lern-en
Learn
Mon-a
Mone-e
Moon
Stan-as
Stone-es
Stones
Sun-ne
Sun-ne
Sun
Sun-u
Sun-e
son
2.3 Growth of Present-day
English Vocabulary
 New words are being invented or
introduced every day to express new things
and new changes in society and they
become part of the English vocabulary.
2.3 Growth of Present-day
English Vocabulary
 Main Sources of new words
1. Rapid growth of science and technology
2. Social, economic, and political change
3. The influence of other cultures and
language
Rapid growth of science
and technology
Chemistry
and biology
Space
science
Medicine
Atomic
technology
Green
revolution
Space shuttle
Retrovirus
Smart bomb
Astrobiology
Earthrise
Open heart
surgery
Fall out
astrochemistry
Moon walk
irradiation
Social, economic, and
political change
Food
Fast food, TV dinner, soy milk
clothing
Pant suit, hip huggers, Granny glasses
Music
Disco, punk rock, soul music
TV and film
Talks shows, family movies, boob tube
Politic and economy
supply
The fourth world, stagflation,Watergate
Development in education
Open university, pass-failing grade
Women’s liberation
Chairperson, girlcott, Ms
Drug culture
Mary Jane, soft drug, headshop
The influence of other
cultures and language
Field
Derived form
Words
Cuisine
Middle East
Stir frying, pita bread, tahini
Fashion
Martial arts
Mao jackets, Nehru jackets
The Far East
Kungfu,dojo,black bell
2.4 Modes of Vocabulary
Development
 Modern English vocabulary develops
through three channels
1. Creation : to create new word by using root,
affixes and other elements.
2. Semantic change : An old form which takes
on a new meaning to meet the new need.
This doesn't increase the number of word
forms but create many more new usage of
new words
2.4 Modes of Vocabulary
Development
 3. Borrowing : Borrowed words constitute
merely 70% of all new words (by Thomas
Pyles and John Algeo)

English, French Latin, Greek and
Scandinavian were major contributors.
2.4 Modes of Vocabulary
Development
borrowed word
French
Latin
Japanese and Italian
Spanish
German and Greek
Russiand and Yiddish
Others
2.4 Modes of Vocabulary
Development
 Reviving outdated words also contributes to
the growth of English vocabulary.
Loan
In 13th century
(transitive
verb)
Replace the word ‘Loan’
Loan
(American
English
Lend
2.4 Modes of Vocabulary
Development
American English
British English
Guess
Think
druggist
Chemist
fall
Autumn
Sick
ill
All be traced back to much earlier times in British English
2.4 Modes of Vocabulary
Development
 Also, old words falling out of use.
 In the epic Beowulf, there were more than
37 words used to express ‘prince’. But most
of them are no longer in use. Because we
don’t have the same need for the words as
our forefather did in their time.