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A Seahorse of a Different Color; Ponies of the Sea An Educator’s Guide ! ! ! ! ! 1 GRADES:!K#3! ! PROGRAM!DESCRIPTION:!This!guide!provided!by!the!Oklahoma!Aquarium!explores! seahorses!and!how!a!seemingly!defenseless!animal!lacking!teeth,!speed!or!venom!is! able!to!avoid!becoming!an!easy!meal.!Students!will!learn!what!makes!the!male! seahorse!different!from!other!fish!fathers.!Students!will!learn!how!seahorses!use! their!armored!body,!prehensile!tail!and!independent!eyesight!to!avoid!predation.!This! presentation!will!focus!on!everything!from!the!seahorse’s!diet!to!being!able!to! recognize!their!close!relatives!like!pipe!and!trumpet!fish.!! ! ! ! *Before!your!class!visits!the!Oklahoma!Aquarium*! ! ! ! ! This!guide!contains!information!and!activities!for!you!to!use!both!before!and!after! your!visit!to!the!Oklahoma!Aquarium.!You!may!want!to!read!stories!about!seahorses! and!their!relatives!to!the!students,!present!information!in!class,!or!utilize!some!of!the! activities!from!this!booklet.! ! ! 2 Table of Contents A!Seahorse!of!a!Different!Color!Abstract!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!3! Educator!Information!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!4! Vocabulary!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!5! Internet!resources!and!books!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6! PASS!standards!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!7! Accompanying!Activities! Father!Knows!Best!Quiz!(K#3)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!8! Label!the!Seahorse!(K#3)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!9! Seahorse!Maze!(2#3)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!11! Seahorse!Color!(3)!(K#3)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!12! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 3 ! ! ! A!Seahorse!of!a!Different!Color;!Ponies!of!the!Sea:!ABSTRACT! ! ! Seahorses!are!vertebrates!and!even!though!they!look!like!miniature!horses!they!are! actually!fish.!The!seahorse!can!only!be!found!in!saltwater!environments!where!they! live!in!shallow!warm!water.!The!United!States!only!has!4!species!of!seahorses!in!our! waters;!however!they!can!be!found!around!all!the!continents.!Seahorses!are!the! slowest!fish!in!the!ocean.!!There!are!34!different!species!of!seahorse!and!they!range! in!size!from!1”,!the!dwarf!seahorse!to!the!12”,!giant!Pacific!seahorse.!One!of!the!most! unique!traits!of!the!seahorse!is!their!unusual!lifecycle!in!which!the!male!carries!the! eggs!in!his!brood!pouch.!There!are!very!few!male!animals!that!become!pregnant,!and! only!the!male!seahorse!possesses!a!brood!pouch.!The!seahorse!likes!to!swim!upright! in!the!water!but!if!you!were!to!turn!them!on!their!side!you!would!notice!that!they! have!all!the!same!fins!as!other!boney!fish.!The!fins!allow!the!seahorse!to!stay!upright! in!the!water!column.!Since!the!seahorse!is!slow,!lacks!teeth!and!is!not!venomous,!its! best!form!of!defense!is!camouflage.!The!seahorse!can!change!color!to!blend!in!with! its!surroundings.!Some!species!of!seahorse!have!fleshy!appendages!that!mimic!the! sea!grass!and!algae!they!live!amongst.!The!prehensile!tail!grasps!onto!algae,!grasses! and!coral!enabling!the!seahorse!to!remain!safe!in!the!shallow!water.!The!seahorse! has!many!predators!like!large!fish,!sharks!and!sea!turtles;!however!the!bony!plates! within!the!seahorse’s!body!make!it!a!less!than!appetizing!meal.!Some!of!the!common! habitats!where!seahorses!are!found!are!coral!reefs,!eel!grass!beds,!and!kelp!forests.! Kelp!forests!are!very!dense,!so!species!like!the!leafy!seadragon!camouflage!well! amongst!the!blades!of!kelp.!!!The!seahorse!is!a!carnivore!and!it!hunts!small! crustaceans!that!it!can!fit!into!its!tiny!toothless!mouth!opening.!Since!seahorses!lack! a!stomach!they!cannot!hold!onto!their!food!very!long!which!forces!them!to!be!on!a! constant!search!for!food.!The!seahorses!at!the!aquarium!are!fed!live!brine!shrimp! several!times!a!day.!A!seahorse’s!eyes!move!independently,!which!means!they!can! see!in!two!different!directions!at!one!time.!This!enables!the!seahorse!to!keep!a!look! out!for!predators,!and!food!at!the!same!time.!The!relatives!of!the!seahorse!share! some!of!the!same!features!as!the!seahorse!such!as,!the!tube!snout!and!tiny!mouth! opening.!The!seahorse!has!many!relatives!and!some!such!as!the!shrimp!fish,!pipe!fish! and!trumpet!fish!can!also!be!seen!from!time!to!time!at!the!Oklahoma!Aquarium.! Seahorses!are!endangered!for!numerous!reasons,!like!pollution!and!habitat! destruction;!however!the!biggest!threat!to!seahorses!is!their!use!in!Asian!medicines.! Some!cultures!believe!the!dried!ground!up!bodies!of!seahorses!can!prevent!many! ailments!such!as!asthma.!The!price!for!1!kilogram!of!dried!seahorse!is!approximately! 1,200!U.S.!dollars.!One!can!easily!see!why!a!struggling!family!in!a!developing!country! may!capture!seahorses!to!provide!for!their!families.!! 4 ! ! • ! • The!male!seahorse!will!carry!the!baby!seahorses!in!its!pouch!for! approximately!4!weeks! • Seahorses!have!1,500!young!at!a!time! • Seahorses!only!live!4!years! • The!coronet!on!the!top!of!the!seahorse’s!head!is!as!unique!as!our!fingerprints! • The!seahorse!is!the!slowest!fish!in!the!ocean!even!though!its!dorsal!fin!beats! 32!times!per!second! • The!dorsal!fin!propels!the!seahorse!through!the!water! • The!pectoral!fins!steer!the!seahorse!from!left!to!right! • The!anal!fin!keeps!the!seahorse!upright!in!the!water! • Instead!of!scales!the!seahorse!has!boney!rings!of!armor! • The!smallest!seahorse!is!the!dwarf!seahorse!and!it!only!reaches!1”! • The!male!pipefish,!a!relative!of!the!seahorse!does!not!have!a!pouch,!instead!it! holds!its!eggs!under!its!tail!until!they!are!ready!to!hatch! • Kelp!forests!are!dense!enough!that!they!prevent!large!predators!like!shark! from!entering!to!hunt!among!their!blades! • It!takes!3!to!4!hundred!seahorses!to!make!1!kilogram!of!dried!seahorse! • Most!seahorses!for!the!pet!trade!are!taken!from!the!wild!which!reduces!their! numbers! • Fishermen!in!ancient!Rome!thought!that!seahorses!were!the!babies!of! Neptune’s!horses! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! A!Seahorse!of!a!Different!Color;!Ponies!of!the!Sea:! Educator!information! ! The!male!seahorse!becomes!pregnant!with!the!female!seahorse’s!eggs! 5 ! ! ! VOCABULARY:! ! Prehensile!tailL!a!tail!with!the!ability!to!grasp,!found!in!animals!like!seahorse,! chameleons!and!monkeys! ! Brooding!pouchL!a!pouch!found!only!in!the!male!seahorse!in!which!the!female! deposits!her!eggs! ! CarnivoreL!an!animal!that!eats!other!animals!as!their!primary!food!source! ! CirriL!spiny!and!knobby!processes!on!the!seahorse’s!head! ! Dorsal!finL!a!fin!on!the!back!of!a!fish! ! EndangeredL!a!species!in!danger!of!becoming!extinct! ! Pectoral!finL!one!of!a!pair!of!fins!on!a!fish’s!side!toward!the!front!of!its!body! ! Pelvic!finL!one!of!a!pair!of!fins!on!a!fish’s!side!toward!the!back!of!its!belly! ! VertebrateL!animals!that!possess!a!backbone! ! CrustaceanL!an!animal!with!a!hard!exoskeleton!that!range!in!size!from!small!brine! shrimp!to!lobsters! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 6 ! ! ! RESOURCES:! ! INTERNET&RESOURCES:! http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/seahorse/ www.teachervision.com www.sfscience.com www.teachervision.com www.childstoryhour.com! ! ! ! ! ! BOOKS!and!REFERENCES:! ! ! Carle,!Eric!(2004)!Mister!Seahorse.!Philomel!Books! ! Miller,!Sara!Swan!(2002)!Seahorse,!Pipefishes,!and!Their!Kin!Franklin!Watts,!a! division!of!Scholastic!Inc.! ! Soffer,!Ruth!(1995)!Coral!Reef!Coloring!Book.!Dover!Publications,!Inc.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 7 ! ! ! ! ! PASS!STANDARDS!MET:! All!education!programs!and!their!accompanying!materials!at!the!Oklahoma!Aquarium! will!meet!several!Oklahoma!PASS!objectives!in!various!disciplines.!The!following!list!is! not!all!inclusive.! ! ! SCIENCE! ! Science!Processes!and!Inquiry! • (grade!K)!!!!!!!!!!!!!Process!Standard!1L!Science!Processes!and!Inquiry! • (grade!1L3)!!!!!!!!!!!Process!Standard!1L!Observe!and!Measure! • (grade!1L3)!!!!!!!!!!!Process!Standard!2L!Classify! • (grade!1L3)!!!!!!!!!!!Process!Standard!3L!Experiment!and!Inquiry! • (grade!1L3)!!!!!!!!!!!Process!Standard!4L!Interpret!and!Communicate! ! ! Physical!Science! • (grade!K)!!!!!!!!!!!!!Standard!1L!Physical!Science! • (grade!1)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Standard!1!L!Properties!of!Objects!&!Materials! • (grade!2)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Standard!1!L!Properties!&!Interactions!of!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Objects!&!Materials! • (grade!3)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Standard!1L!Properties!of!Objects!and!materials!!!!!!!! ! Life!Science! • (grade!K)!!!!!!!!!!!!!Standard!2L!Life!Science!!!!!!!!!!!!!! • (grade!1)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Standard!2L!Characteristics!&!Basic!Needs!of!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Organisms! • (grade!2)!!!!!!!!!!!!!Standard!2L!Life!Cycles!and!Organisms! • (grade!3)!!!!!!!!!!!!!Standard!2#!Characteristics!and!Basic!Needs!of!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Organisms!and!Environments! ! Earth/Space!Science! ! • (grade!K)!!!!!!!!!!!!Standard!3L!Earth!Science! • (grade!2)!!!!!!!!!!!!!Standard!3L!Properties!and!Stages!of!Earth!&!Sky!!! ! ! ! 8 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 9 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 10 ! ! ! ! ! ! 11 © 2000 – 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12 ! ! ! ! ! ! 13 ! ! ! 14 ! 15