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Human Body Systems
& Maintenance of
Homeostasis
Human Body Systems
Human bodies (multicellular organisms) have
different levels of organization: cells, tissues,
organs, and organ systems. Different types of
tissue (muscle, epithelial, connective, and
nervous) are found in the 11 organ systems.
CV
AND INTEGUMENTARY
Immune
Excretory
Human Body Systems Work Together To
Maintain Homeostasis
Human Body Systems
The digestive system is made up of organs that
convert foods into simpler molecules that can
be absorbed and used by the cells of the
body.
Metabolic wastes like salts, carbon dioxide, and
urea (ammonia and CO2 produced by using
protein for energy) are eliminated from the
body by the excretory system.
DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
Digestive System Diagram Text pg. 979
Jacob’s Ladder
• 1 Cell thickness
• Most digestion
occurs in the SI
• Little digestion
happens in LI
• LI: water
reclamation
• Bacteria in the LI
provide vitamins
and help our
immune system
Human Body Systems
The circulatory and respiratory systems work
together to supply cells throughout the body
with the nutrients and oxygen that they need
to stay alive. The circulatory system also
transports wastes away from cells.
Pulmonary Circuit for Blood Flow
right pulmonary artery
CIRCULATORY (CV) SYSTEM
left pulmonary artery
capillary bed
of left lung
capillary bed
of right lung
pulmonary
trunk
(from
systemic
circuit)
Be RIGHT Back!
heart
(to systemic circuit)
pulmonary
veins
LEFT For The Body!
© 2007 Thomson Higher Education
9
Heart Diagram Text Pg. 945
Fig. 9.6a, p.162
• Artery walls thick; Vein walls thin
• Artery sprays when cut; Vein oozes
when cut
• Veins have valves to prevent backflow
• Blood in veins has more CO2 than O2
• Blood in arteries has more O2 than CO2
Each of us has 2 ABO blood type alleles, because we
each inherit one from our biological mom and one
from our biological dad.
Type A inherited from BOTH parents.
1 parent Type A/2nd parent Type O.
Type B inherited from BOTH parents.
1 parent Type B/2nd parent Type O.
1 parent Type A/2nd parent Type B.
Type O inherited from BOTH parents.
Antibodies in blood
will attack an invader.
Transfusions
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Internal respiratory organs
have many lobes to increase
Surface Area
Diagram Resp. Sys. Text pg. 957
ALVEOLI; CILIA
Human Body Systems
The integumentary system serves as a barrier
against infection/injury, helps regulate body
temperature, assists in excretion, and
provides protection against UV radiation.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM- Urinary/Integumentary/Respiratory
•Nephrons- Kidney Filters
•Each lobe
of kidney
contains
blood
vessels &
over a
million
nephrons,
which filter
water &
solutes
from blood
Human Body Systems
The lymphatic system helps protect the body
from disease, collects fluid lost from blood
vessels and returns the fluid to the
circulatory system.
The Lymphatic/Immune System
The spleen filters blood and
serves as a holding station
for large numbers of
lymphocytes. Major site of
antibody production &
disposal of RBCs. Largest
lymphoid organ.
T cells are produced and
become specialized in the
thymus. The thymus grows
between birth & puberty &
then atrophies. Thymic
activity (T-cell output) is
most active before puberty.
Upon atrophy, the size and
activity are dramatically
reduced.
Bone Marrow- Area where WBCs
are produced.
The Cell Membrane is Made Up of Many Different Molecules
• Besides lipids and proteins, there are special receptor molecules/surface markers.
• Receptor molecules/surface markers get chemical information.
• Receptor molecules/surface markers have a specific shape.
• Only the correct shape messenger molecule will fit or attach to a receptor
molecule/surface marker.
Botulinum Toxin
can cause food
poisoning or
prevent nerves
from releasing a
messenger (Ach)
to be received by
muscle cells.
Cells have surface markers (receptors) unique to each of us.
Signal molecules that bind to cell surface markers include
hormones, neurotransmitters, growth factors, and antigens.
Signaling
molecule
Molecule A
Target cell for
molecule A
molecule
Molecule B
Target cell for
molecules A & B
Target cell for
molecule B
Pathogens have surface markers called antigens. Antigens dock on the cell’s
surface markers.
Pathogen
Pathogen
Antibodies dock with antigens and prevent them for docking on cells.
Disorders of the
Immune System
Allergies
Are these the good guys or the bad guys?
An antibody (or immunoglobulin (Ig)), is a
large, Y-shaped protein that is used by the
immune system to act on pathogens such
as bacteria and viruses.
Pathogens have proteins on their
surfaces called antigens. An antigen is
any substance that causes an immune
system to produce antibodies against it.
A vaccine is a product that produces immunity from a disease and can be
administered through a vaccination (often through needle injections). It is
usually made of a killed or weakened disease causing micro-organism.
A vaccination stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the microorganism as a threat, destroy it, and keep a record of it, so that the immune
system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these micro-organisms
that it later encounters.
Immunization is the process by which a person or animal becomes protected
from a disease. Vaccines cause immunization, and there are also some diseases
that cause immunization after an individual recovers from the disease.
Vaccines are made up of small amounts of
weakened or dead versions of bacteria, a
virus, or another antigen (a foreign substance
that induces an immune response), and
stimulate the immune system to create
antibodies that prevent future infections
from the disease.
Human Body Systems
The nervous system controls and coordinates
functions throughout the body and responds
to internal and external stimuli.
Nervous System
Coordination &
Control
Sulci (grooves) &
Gyri (ridges)
increase SA
19
30
Human Body Systems
The endocrine system is made up of glands that
release hormones (examples: TRH, Oxytocin, PTH,
etc.) into the bloodstream which broadcast
messages throughout the body in order to control
growth, development, metabolism, and
reproduction.
The reproductive system is regulated by certain
hormones (FSH and LH) which act upon both male
and female reproductive organs to produce
secondary sex characteristics. In females the
reproductive system nurtures and protects the
developing embryo.
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
hypothalamus
pineal gland
pituitary gland“master gland”
exerts many
effects on body
thyroid gland
parathyroid glands
thymus gland
adrenal glands
pancreatic islets
ovaries
testes
Hormones•
Molecule/Chemical
messages
•
Carried in bloodstream
•
Bind to receptors on
target cells with
correct SHAPE
Homeostatic Controls help maintain balance in all of the body’s systems as changes in the
outside environment occur. A Feedback Control Loop is an communication network where
information is transmitted by nervous impulses or hormones secreted in the blood.
What
environmental
change is
happening
here?
Negative Feedback Control Loops inhibit: They produce an action that is opposite to the
change that activated the system in order to maintain a constant internal environment.
They keep variables from straying too far outside of their normal ranges.
What
environmental
change is
happening
here?
What
environmental
change is
happening
here?
Positive Feedback Loops stimulate: They reinforce a
change that is reoccurring. They do not help the
body maintain a stable or homeostatic condition.
Examples:
Ferguson Contractions in Childbirth- the fetus
pushes against the cervix which stimulates a nerve
in the brain causing the hypothalamus to produce
oxytocin, which causes contractions which push the
fetus against the cervix, which again stimulates the
brain… Contractions stop when the baby is out of
the womb.
Blood Clotting- injured tissue releases signal
chemicals that activate platelets in the blood.
Activated platelets release chemicals to activate
more platelets, causing a rapid cascade and the
formation of a blood clot. As the tissue heals, other
chemicals break down the blood clot.
Lactation- the baby suckling on the nipple stimulates nerves which cause the hypothalamus
to signal the pituitary to produce prolactin which produces more milk. Lactation stops when
the baby no longer nurses.
A typical ejaculation contains from 150 to
350 million sperm.
urinary bladder
ejaculatory duct
prostate gland
seminal
vesicle
urethra
anus
urethra
erectile tissue
bulbourethral
Gland- secretes mucus-rich fluid
into the urethra
during sexual
vas deferens
arousal.
penis
testis
Semen—formed by secretions
from the seminal vesicles
(fructose & prostaglandins)
and the prostate gland
(buffers against acidic
epididymis vagina).
Reproduction is the only CHARACTERISTIC OF LIFE that
individuals DO NOT HAVE TO DO
oviduct
uterus
ovary
myometrium
urinary
bladder
endometrium
opening
of cervix
urethra
clitoris
labium minor
labium major
vagina
anus
Human Body Systems
The skeletal system supports the body, protects
internal organs, stores minerals, and provides a
site for blood cell formation.
The muscular system includes skeletal muscles that
help to produce voluntary movement, smooth and
cardiac muscles which perform vital life sustaining
functions (like assist in digestion , blood
circulation, and control heart movement.)
Skeletal & Muscular Systems
During exercise, the respiratory,
circulatory, muscular, and skeletal
systems work together. With
exercise, the demand for nutrients
and oxygen grows in muscular tissue,
along with the increased production
of wastes.
Among those wastes is be lactic
acid, which may be produced
during the production of ATP. Lactic
acid can cause muscle fatigue and
pain---the sensation we know as a
muscle cramp.
Human Body Systems Work Together To
Maintain Homeostasis
Using what you know about human body systems,
name two body systems that work together to
maintain homeostasis and tell how.
GIVE 5 EXAMPLES
Give 5 COMMON THEMES found in
2 or more body systems.
Examples:
1. Skeletal system is protective of internal organs &
Integumentary system protects the body from
pathogens in the external environment.
2. Nervous & Endocrine systems both send & receive
messages (control & coordinate).
Compare Organs of the Body to Cell Structures
Membrane
Human Body Systems
The functioning of our body systems is affected
by genes, the environment, our lifestyle,
aging, etc.
Claims made by different sources (advertisers,
the medical community) may or may not be
factual. The scientific method can often be
used to test claims about products or
techniques that affect our body systems.
Disease or other malfunction can effect any body system.
How can homeostasis be disrupted?
How can malfunctions be prevented? How can malfunctions be treated?
Making Connections:
Investigating Claims