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PreAP Chemistry Reaction Rules Double Replacement = 2 compounds yield 2 different compounds The oxidation number of the metal stays the same from reactant to product Hint: if water is involved, write it as HOH *Probably will NOT be a Redox Reaction Single Replacement = 1 element and 1 compound yield 1 different element and 1 different compound Use the preferred oxidation number for the metal/nonmetal (to the right of this sheet) Hint: if water is involved, write it as HOH *Probably will be a Redox Reaction Synthesis (also called Combination) = 2 or more substances yield only 1 compound *Could be a Redox Reaction A. Formation of a Binary Compound 2 elements yield 1 binary compound Use the preferred oxidation number for the metal/nonmetal (to the right) B. Formation of an Oxyacid (H with polyatomic ion containing oxygen) Nonmetallic oxide and water yield an oxyacid Use NOTE 1 below to determine if the polyatomic ion is “ate” or “ite” C. Formation of a Base (metal with hydroxide) Metallic oxide and water yield a base The oxidation number of the metal stays the same from reactant to product D. Formation of an Oxysalt (metal with polyatomic ion containing oxygen) Nonmetallic oxide and metallic oxide yield an oxysalt Metal retains the oxidation number from oxide, use NOTE 1 below to determine if the polyatomic ion is “ate” or “ite” Decomposition = 1 compound yields 2 or more simpler substances *Could be a Redox Reaction A. Decomposition of a Binary Compound 1 binary compound yields two elements Watch for diatomic elements B. Decomposition of an Oxyacid (H with polyatomic ion containing oxygen) Oxyacid yields nonmetallic oxide and water Reverse NOTE 1 below to determine oxidation number on nonmetal C. Decomposition of a Base (metal with hydroxide) Base yields metallic oxide and water Metal retains the oxidation number from its base form D. Decomposition of an Oxysalt (metal with polyatomic ion containing oxygen) Oxysalt yields nonmetallic oxide and metallic oxide Metal retains the oxidation number from oxysalt, reverse NOTE 1 below for the oxidation number on the nonmetal *A Redox (Reduction-Oxidation) Reaction is any reaction where the oxidation number (charge/valence) changes during the reaction. NOTE 1: High oxidation number on the nonmetal ↔ “ate” polyatomic ion (keeps oxidation number the same) Low oxidation number on the nonmetal ↔ “ite” polyatomic ion (keeps oxidation number the same) NOTE 2: Excess positive source (or limited negative source) = use low positive oxidation number in the resulting compound Limited positive source (or excess negative source) = use high positive oxidation number in the resulting compound Preferred Oxidation Numbers Sb+3 As+3 Bi+3 Br-1 C+4 Cl-1 Cr+3 Co+2 Cu+2 Au+3 H+1 I-1 Fe+3 Pb+2 Mn+2 Hg+2 Ni+2 N+3 P+5 S+6 Sn+4 Don’t forget the diatomic elements