* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download ENVIRONMENT, ECOSYSTEM AND BIODIVERSITY
Survey
Document related concepts
Conservation biology wikipedia , lookup
Ecological fitting wikipedia , lookup
Introduced species wikipedia , lookup
Theoretical ecology wikipedia , lookup
Latitudinal gradients in species diversity wikipedia , lookup
Renewable resource wikipedia , lookup
Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project wikipedia , lookup
Operation Wallacea wikipedia , lookup
Perovskia atriplicifolia wikipedia , lookup
Island restoration wikipedia , lookup
Biodiversity wikipedia , lookup
Fauna of Africa wikipedia , lookup
Lake ecosystem wikipedia , lookup
Habitat conservation wikipedia , lookup
Reconciliation ecology wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
1 UNIT I- ENVIRONMENT, ECOSYSTEM AND BIODIVERSITY Ecology Ecology is the study of interaction among organisms or group of organism with their environment. Environment consists of both biotic and abiotic. Ecosystem: A group of organisms interacting among themselves and with environment. Biome (small ecosystem): same climatic condition cycle Types of Ecosystems Ecosytem Natural Terrestrial eg: desert, forest Artificial Eg:gardens Aquatic Fresh water Marine Eg:gardens e.g:sea Lotic(running H2O) Eg:rivers Lentic(standning H2O) e.g:lake Structure or Components of an Ecosytem Abiotic nonliving Ecosystem Components Biotic Living 2 Biotic Components or biotic community: living organism or living members Biotic components Autotrophic components Producers (plant) Heterotrophic components Can’t prepare own food 6CO2+12H2O C6H12O6+6O2+6 H2O Chlorophyll, hv Macro consumer Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores Micro consumer (Decomposer) eg:fungi,bacteria Primary(herbivores)plant eaters eg:rat,cow Consumers types secondary(carnivores)meat eaters eg: frog, cat Tertiary(carnivores)meat eaters eg: tiger,lion Rat -10consumers Herbivores Grass producers Cat- 20consumers 10 carnivores Tiger- 30consumers 20 carnivores Function of Eco System- allow flow of energy and cycling of nutrient Types of functions 1. 2. 3. Primary- manufacture of starch Secondary- distributing energy in the form of food to all consumers Tertiary- livings systems are die and decomposed to initiate –cycling This terms understood a) energy flow b)food chains c) food webs d) food pyramids Energy flow in the Ecosystem flow of energy from producer level to top consumer level 3 Energy flow in the Ecosystem follows the two basic principles of thermodynamics i)first law of thermodynamics “Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed, but it can be converted from one form to another.” Solar energy is converted chemical energy during photosynthesis 6CO2+12H2O C6H12O6+6O2+6 H2O ii)second law of thermodynamics “whenever energy is transformed , there is a loss of energy through the release of heat” Respiration equation C6H12O6+6O2 6CO2+12H2O Nutrient cycle Abiotic (heat ) Sun Radiation Energy Plants Chemical Energy Animals Bacteria a Biotic Abiotic (heat ) Energy flow in Ecosystem Ecological Succession The progressive replacement of one community by another till the development of stable community in a particular area is called ecological succession. (Community means group of plants or animals in an area) Stages of Ecological Succession 1. pioneer community: first group of organism, establish their community in the area 2.seres or seral stage: the various development stages of a community Types of Ecological succession 1. Primary succession: establishment of biotic communities on a lifeless ground. b) Hydrarch or hydrosere: establishment starts in a watery area like pond and lake c) Xerarch or Xerosere: establishment starts in a dry area like, desert and rock. 4 2.Secondary succession: establishment of biotic communities in an area, where some type of biotic community is already present. Process of Ecological succession 1. Nudation: development of bare area without any life form 2. Invasion: establishment of one or more species on a bare area through migration then establishment. a) Migration: seed migrate by wind, birds b) Establishment: seed germinate and grow land-pioneer communities 3. Competition: number new species grow then competition for water, nutrient, space. 4.Reaction: the new living organism grow and modify the environment then unsuitable for existing species. So new species replace existing species- seres or seral communities 5. Stabilizations: stable communities’ equilibrium with environment Food Chains sequence of eating, food energy transfer from plant to organism. Organism die---nutrient—again plant Every transfer, nearly 80-90% energy loss. 1.Food chain in a grassland plant producers Rat – 10consumers snakes20consumers 10 carnivores Eagles30consumers 20 carnivores I-Tropic level II-Tropic level III-Tropic level IV-Tropic level Tropic level or feeding level: the various steps through which food energy passes in an ecosystem 2..Food chain in a pond Phytoplankton producers Zooplankton 10consumer s Small fish 20consumer 10 carnivores 2. Food chain in a forest plant producers Deer 10consumers Large fish 20consumer 20 carnivores Lions or tiger 20consumers 10 carnivores man 30consumer 20 carnivores 5 Food Web: interlocking pattern of various food chains Most consumers feed more than one type of organism Different types of organism are connected at different tropic level insects Grass (starting) Fishess Deer Birds Lions or tiger Rat snakes Eagles Tigers Birds Eagles Snakes rat Birds Birds Birds Insects fishes Insects Grass Difference between food chain and food web Food chain: one species get affected then subsequent tropic level affected Food Web: one species get affected then subsequent tropic level not affected seriously. Because number of options available at each tropic level Significance of food chain and food web 6 Energy and nutrient takes place through them, maintained ecological balance, Biomagnifications Biomagnifications of DDT an illustration If DDT sprayed low concentration on pest, regularly its concentration increased along the food chain through phytoplantons to zooplanktons and then goes to fish, birds and animals. DDT is fat soluble in human body so it can’t removed easily. Ecological Pyramids Graphical representation of structure and function of tropic level of an ecosystem Types of Ecological Pyramids 1.pyramid of numbers 2.pyramid of energy 3.pyramid of biomass 1.pyramid of numbers eg. Grassland Ecosystem It represent the number of individual organisms present in each tropic level. 2.pyramid of energy eg. Grassland Ecosystem It represent the amount of energy individual organisms present in each tropic level. The 90% of energy loss through heat. only 10% of the energy reach higher tropic level 2.pyramid of Biomass eg. Forest Ecosystem It represent the amount of Biomass individual organisms present in each tropic level. Tertiary consumers 10 Eagle s 100 snakes o 2 consumers 5 k.cals ssEag les 50k.cals 2o consumers 10000 Rats (1o Consumers) 500 k.cals (1o Consumers) 1,00,000Grass (producers) 5000 (producers) pyramid of numbers pyramid of energy 7 100 Kgs Top carnivores, Tertiary consumers 1000kgs Carnivores, 2o consumers 1o Consumers, Herbivores 10,000 kgs 1,00,000 kgs producers pyramid of Biomass Ecosystems Plants Deer Foxes Tiger Decomposers (Bacteria, fungi) Death Rabbit Fox Lion Forest Ecosystem Grass Grasshopper lizard Hawk Decomposers (Bacteria, fungi) Death Rabbit Fox Lion 8 Grassland Ecosystem shrubs Rabbit Reptiles Birds Decomposers (Bacteria, fungi) Death Insects S.N 1 Topics introduction Vulture Snakes Desert Ecosystem s Forest Its present tall and dense trees grow that support many animals and birds. Forest 40% in worldis land, 19% in india Tropical rain forest Near equator High temp, broad leaf, sandal, lion, tiger 2 Tropical deciduous forest Little away equator Warm climate Tree: Maple, oak, animal: deer, fox Types Features Tropical Scrub forest Dry climate long time Deciduous tree: animal: oak, deer, fox Temperature forest Adequate rainfall tree:pines,red wood animal: bear, deer, fox Temperature deciduous forest Moderate temp Tree:Maple, oak, Grassland Grassland occupies about 20% of earth’s surface. In addition to grass species, some trees and shrubs Desert Its occupies about 35% of our world’s land area. This region less than 25cm rainfall per annum Tropical grassland Its near borders of rain forest , rain fall 40 -100cm, tall grasses, Animal: zebras Tropical deserts Africa: sahara desert Wind blown sand dunes Temperature grassland Centers of continents, flat, sloped hills. Hot summer ,cool winter. Not allow shrubs,trees Temperature deserts South California: place-majave Hot summer ,cool winter Polar grassland Cold Desert China:Gobi desert Cold winter, warm summers Arctic polar region. Severe cold and strong winds with ice &snow arctic wolf, fox 9 animal: deer, fox 3 5 6 7 8 Characteristic s Maintain climate rainfall, Support wild animals, Rich in organic and nutrient. Penetration light is poor Structure and Solar energy, air, function I nutrient, water, Abiotic temperature II Biotic Trees,shrubs and producers ground vegetation 1.Consumers a) 1o Ants, flies, insects, Consumers mice, deer, squirrels o b)2 Snakes, birds Consumers c)3o It is depend Consumers 1o carnivores Eg: tiger, lion 3.Decompose They decay plant rs animals Eg: bacteria, fungi Rich organic matter Plain land,rich nutrient, grazing animals, low rainfall Air is dry, climate is hot, poor nutrient and organic matter, poor, vegetation, Solar energy, air, water, element C,H,O,N,P Grasses,forbs and shrubs Solar energy, air, nutrient, water Cows, buffaloes, deer, sheep Snakes, birds, lizard, birds, fox It is depend 1o carnivores Eg: hawks, eagles They decay plant animals Eg: bacteria, fungi Grasses,forbs and shrubs, few trees Rabbit, camel, wolf Reptiles, snakes Birds, insect eaters They decay plant animals Eg: bacteria, fungi Low organic matter Aquatic Ecosystem Producers Phytplankton,Algae Inorganic compounds 1o consumers Zooplankton Decomposer Bacteria, fungi Death 2o consumers Frog, fish 3o consumers Large fish 10 S.N 1 Topics introduction Pond Fresh water Types Lake Biggest Fresh water River Running water Littoral, limnetic, profundal, benethic Sea Salty Estuarine River meet sea Coastal, open, Characteristics Temporary, seasonal,easily polluted Shallow Running Large areas Affected by tides,, salinity high in fresh water, fresh water, saline water summer low in permanent DO and ship winter, character water , nutrient often changed helps more irrigation Structure and function I Abiotic Solar energy,air,nutri ent,water, temperature Algae, rooted plants, floating plants Solar energy, temperature O2 and CO2 bacteria, fungi II Biotic Producers 1.Consumers a)1o onsumers b)2o Consumers c)3o Consumers 3.Decomposers Temperature, light, NaCl, K,Ca, and Mg Algae, rooted plants, floating plants Solar energy,air,nut rient,water, temperature Algae, rooted plants, floating plants bacteria, fungi bacteria, fungi bacteria, fungi Temperature, light, NaCl, K,Ca, and Mg Phytoplankt Marsh,grass,sea on, diatoms weeds, phytoplankton Protozoa, Zooplankton Zooplankton Mollusks, Oysters, crabs, small fish eating fishes eating fishes fish fish Insects, fishes Fish, snails Fish, snails Shed, Sea birds, small mackerel, fish Big fish, Big fish, Big fish, Cod, Salomon, eels hunting birds hunting hunting haddocks birds birds bacteria, fungi actenomycetous Nutrient Flow or Nutrient cycling or Biogeochemical Cycle Nutrients The elements, which are essential for the survival of both plants and animals are called nutrients. Macronutrients : need large amount----O2, N,P, Mg,C a,P Micronutrients: need small amount B, Co, Zn, Cu 11 Nutrient Cycles The cyclic flow of nutrient between the biotic and abiotic components Carbon cycle The movement of carbon, in its many forms, between the biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and geosphere is described by the carbon cycle. Carbon is the main constituents of most organic matter, from fossil fuels to the complex molecules the control the genetic reproduction in organisms. Example: carbohydrates, proteins, fats and amino acids. CO2 Photosynthesis Deposits under earth (petrol. coal) Decomposition by bacteria Carbohydrate in plants Combustion respiration by Respiration Carbohydrate in animals Death The Carbon cycle Nitrogen cycle The nitrogen present in the atmosphere as N2 in large amount (78%). Its the main constituents of most organic matter and different forms of food. useful to growth Example: proteins, vitamins and amino acids. Nitrogen fixation Atmospheric fixation: lighting is oxygen combine with air forming Nitrogen oxide then dissolved in rain after reach in soil. Industrial fixation: high temperature 600oC H2 and N2 combine NH3 then NH3NO3 fertilizer. Biological fixation: nitrogen fixing bacteria is essential to maintain the fertility of semi aquatic environment like rice paddles. a)Nitrification: conversion of ammonia into nitrates.eg: nitrobacter bacteria 12 b)Dentrification: conversion of nitrates into N2 .eg: pseudomonas bacteria Bacteria dentrifying NO3 NO2 Autotrophs Nitrates N2 Animals NH3 Dead of animals and plants Bacteria Decomposition The nitrogen Cycle phosphorous cycle The nitrogen present in the rocks and fossils. It’s essential for energy transport molecules and for holding DNA and RNA molecules together. Example: bones, teeth Plants and animals Synthesis of protoplasm Death and Decay Marine Fishes Phosphate Rock By phosphatizing Bacteria Swallow sediment Dissolved Phosphate 13 BIODIVERSITY Bio means ‘life’ diversity means ‘variety’ In our biosphere(earth) 20million species of organism but we identified only 1.4million. Definition: the variety and variability among all groups of living organism and the ecosystem occur. Importance Available variety of fish, agriculture, biological source We depend on plants, microorganism, animals, medicine, industrial Loss Biodiversity Hybrid seeds as a result many plant species become extinct Several medicinal plants disappear for pharmaceutical industries Classification of Biodiversity 1.Genetic diversity Genetic diversity is the diversity within species ie., variation of genes within the species because different combination of genes eg: a)Rice varieties b) Teak wood varieties-Indian teak, Burma teak 2.Species diversity is the diversity between different species. The sum of varieties of all living organisms at the species level is known as species diversity. Plant species: apple, mango, grapes, wheat rice Animal species: lion, tiger, elephant, deer 3.Community Diversity The diversity at the ecological or habitat is known as ecosystem diversity. A large region with different ecosystems can be considered as ecosystems diversity. Interaction between Living organism and physical environment Eg: river ecosystem, grassland ecosystems Value of biodiversity Biosphere is a life supporting system to the human beings. Biodiversity is must for the stability and proper functioning of the biosphere. Classification and importance of values of biodiversity 1.consumptive use value The variety of food items are harvested and consumed directly. a)Food ; A large number of wild plants are consumed by human beings and animals. Nearly 80 -90% of our food crops have been domesticated only from the tropical wild plants. Eg; Ceropegia bulbosa; in central Indian and western ghats. 14 b)Drugs: Around 70% of modern medicines are derived from plant and plant extracts for unani, ayurveda,and sidha. Eg; India uses 3000 species of plants in ayurveda, Homeopathy and unani system of medicines. Life savings drugs like quinine (malaria), reserpine (hypertension), pencillin(antibiotic), 30 medicines have been prepared from neem tree for eye irrigations, skin eruption etc c)Fuel: Firewoods are directly consumed by villagers and tribals. 2.Productive use values Biodiversity components which is commercially harvested. This products are marked and sold. Eg:Animal products: silk from silk worm, musk from musk deer, Tusk from elephants Plant products : cotton for textile industry, wood for paper industry etc 3.Social values Social value of the biodiversity refers to the manner in which the bio-resource are used to the society. Eg:Holy plants: Tulsi, lotus, peepel etc Holy animals: cow, snake, peacock, rat etc 4.Ethical values (or) Existence value Its means that species may or may not be used, but its existence in nature gives us pleasure. It involves ethical issues like “all life must be preserved”. Eg: The river Ganga is considered as holy river. The Giraffe or Zebra not use directly but we feel that these should exist in nature. 5.Aesthetic value The beautiful nature of plants and animals insist us to protect the biodiversity. The people visit the beautiful areas, where they can enjoy the aesthetic value. Eg: Wild birds, colour of flower, colour of butterfly 6.Option Values The value of species is its potential to provide our economic benefit to human society. Eg: The growing biotechnology field is finding species to cure the diseases such as cancer and AIDS. Global biodiversity In our biosphere(earth) 20million species of organism but we identified only 1.4million species are found and given scientific names. Terrestrial Biodiversity 1.Tropical rain forests These are the earth’s largest store house of biodiversity. They are inhabited by millions of species of plants, insects, birds etc a)medicinal plants: 15 More than 25% of the world’s prescription drugs are extracted from plants growing in tropical forest. Eg;3000 plants are try to find chemicals for curing cancer. 70% is derived only from tropical rain forest. b)Flowering plant: It has been estimated that nearly 1,30,000 flowering plant species are found available. But we know only 1-3% 2.Temperature forests: These have much less biodiversity. Eg: 1,70,000 flowering plants 30,000 vertebrates. Marine Diversity Marine diversity is much higher than terrestrial biodiversity, but it is less known and described. Living species estimate eg : algae=27,000No. , sponges=5,000 No., Fish=22,000 No. etc Biodiversity at national level The india is I) 10th rank among the plant rich countries of the world. ii)11th rank among the endemic species of higher vertebrates. iii)6th rank among the centers of diversity and origin of agricultural crops. Biodiversity at local level or Measurement of Biodiversity 1.Point richness Number of species in single point 2.Alpha richness Number of species in a small homogeneous small area Eg: 100 species tunicate arctic water, 600 in tropical seas, 400 temperate water. Thus temperature depend richness 3.Beta richness It refers to the rate of change species composition across different habitats. Eg: north pole ant species 10, equatorial region increase 2000 4.Gamma It refers to the rate of change across large landscape Biodiversity in Tamilnadu Dense forest in salm, elephant sanctuaries in anaimalai, Tigersanctuaries in Mundathurai, birds in vedanthangal, Western ghats has 50 species of mammals, 90reptiles, 1500 plants Mega diversity There are nearly 170countries in the world and 12 of them contain 70% of our planet’s biodiversity. India as a Mega diversity nation 16 India has 89,450 animal species accounting for 7.31% of the global faunal species and 47,000 plant species which accounts for 10.8% of the world floral species. The loss of biodiversity or endemic is about 33%. Plants (flora) Species India World Animals (fauna) Species India World Algae 6500 40,000 Mollusca 5,070 66.535 Fungi 14,500 72,000 Amphibia 209 5,150 Bacteria 850 4,000 Reptila 456 5,817 Gymnosperms 64 750 Mamali 390 4,629 Endemic species The species, which are found only in a particular region is known as endemic species. Our country has a rich endemic flora and fauna. 1.Plant diversity Nearly 5000 flowering plants and 166 crop plant species have their origin in india. 2.Marine diversity More than 340 coral species of the world are found here. Several species-mangrove, seagrasses 3.Agro-biodiversity More than 167 crop coral species of the world are found here. Species- 30,000 t0 50,000 variety of rice, mango, turmeric, ginger, sugarcane etc 4.Animal diversity There are 75,000 animal species including 5,000 insects. ‘RED’ DATA book 1) awareness of threatening biodiversity 2) Provide global index of already decline biodiversity 3) Identification high risk extinct species 4) Help conservation action 5) Information about international agreement HOT SPOT of biodiversity The hot spots are the geographic areas which possess high endemic species. The threatened area many reduce to less than 10% original vegetation. This area is hot spot biodiversity. Criteria for recognizing hot spots The richness endemic species recognize hot spot It is derived percentage of species The site is under threat It should contain important gene pools of plant Reason for Rich biodiversity in tropics More stable climate, warm temperature, high humidity, no single species can dominate Area of hot spot 17 Area of hot spots covering less than 2%of the world’s land are found to contain 50,000 endemic species. In global 25 hot spots of bio diversity. Two of which are found in India. HOT SPOT of biodiversity in India 1 Eastern Himalayas Indo-Burma Region 2 Western Ghats Srilanka region Eastern Himalayas The area comprises Nepal,Bhutan and neighboring states of northen india. There are 35,000 plant species found in Himalayas, of which 30% are endemic. The plant species are rice, banana, citrus, ginger a)63% mammals are from eastern Himalayas b)60% of the Indian Birds are from north east Western Ghats The area comprises Maharastra, Karnataka, Tamilnadu and Kerala. Nearly 1500 endemic a)62% amphibians and 50% lizard are endemic. The plant species Hypercium, Ternstroemia japonica animals blue bird, lizard Treats to Biodiversity Any disturbance in an natural ecosystem tend to reduce its biodiversity. The environment pollution change in the system leads to a major imbalance and threatens the normal ecological cycle. Causes for loss of Biodiversity or various threats to Indian Biodiversity The loss of population of interbreeding organism is caused by habitat loss. Habitat loss threatened a wide range of animals and plants. Factors influencing Habitat loss 1.Deforestation: conversion agricultural land, project 2.Destructio of wetlands: drainage, pollution 3.Habitat fragmentation: habitat is divided into small and scattered patches 4.Raw material: production of Hybrid seed when the wild plants are raw material 5.production of drugs: pharmaceutical companies collect wild plant 6.iilegal trade: Illegal trade on wild life 7.Developmental activities: construction dam, industrial effluents Poaching of wildlife 1.subsistence poaching : killing animals for food 2.Commercial poaching: Hunting and killing animals to sell the products Factors influencing Poaching 1.Human population : degradation of wild habitats 2.Commercial activities: trading, smuggling for profit Wild life products: horns, tasks Wealth of wild life: richest source need developing nation eg: Asia , America Importer of wild life: the rich countries importer of wild life products. 18 Eg: Male gorilla : hunted for body parts Elephant: killed for ivory Bengal tigers: killed for fur Remedy measures: stopped hunting, trading, not purchase furcoat, purse, crocodile skin Man-Wildlife Conflicts The wild life damage and danger the man Eg:Mumbai,powai-two men are killed by leopards Sanjay Gandhi national park-14 persons are killed during 19 attacks by leopard Sambalpur, Orissa – 195 humans were killed in the last 5year by elephants. In retaliation , the villagers have killed 98 elephants and injured 30elephants Factors influencing Man-Wildlife Conflicts 1.Shrinking of forest so wildlife move human land 2.Earlier, forest department cultivate sugarcane for elephant but not now 3.Former use electric wire so injured elephant and starts violence 4.Government gives compensation amount is low for wild animal damaging crops value Remedial measures Constructional work stop in forest, adequate food need for wild animals, cropping pattern change the border of forest, solar electric current used to prevent enter the animals Endangered species in India A species is said to be endangered, when its number has been reduced to a critical level. Unless it is protected and conserved, it is in immediate danger of extinction. 1.Extinct species: 2.Endangered species: 3.Vulnerable species: 4.Rare Species: no longer found in the world number has been reduced habitat destruction or over exploitation rare localized, thinly scattered Group of threatened species Plants Birds Mammals Reptiles Amphibians Fishes Insects No. of threatened species 250 70 86 25 3 3 50 Important endangered Species Reptiles: Tortoise, python, gree sea turtle etc Birds: Peacock, pelican, Indian bustard etc 19 Mammals: red fox, tiger,lion etc Primates: golden monkey, capped monkey, hoolock gibbon etc Plants: sandal wood tree, medicinal plants eg: santalum RED –data book; this book contains the list of endangered species of plant and animals. Factors affecting Endangered species 1.Pollution; Human dispose waste products affect land, river and air then enter living things, finally its leads to death. 2.Over –exploitation: Over-exploitation of the natural resources and poaching of wild animals. 3.Climate change: Green house increases the climate change so organism cannot accommodate the change of environmental condition. Remedial measures International treaties on endangered species (ITES) In 1975, the ‘convention on international trade in endangered species’ treaty not allowed endangered species to trade commercially signed by 160 countries for 900 species. Afterwards this treaty restrict 2900 other species. Draw backs of the treaty But violators often pay only small fines. Also, member countries can exempt themselves from protecting any listed species. Endemic species The species, which are found only in a particular region is known as endemic species. 1.Flora Animal present in a particular region or period. In India 81,000 species of animals in our large number is endemic. Eg:Sapria himalayana, ovaria lurida 2.Fauna Animal present in a particular region or period. In India of 47,000 species 7000 plants are endemic. Nearly 62% of our endemic species are found in Himalayas Eg: monitor lizards, Indian salamander Endemic species in India Endemic species of plants Pteridophyta-200 species Angiosperms-4950 species Endemic species of Animals Group No. of Species Land 878 Fresh water 89 Insecta 16214 Amphibia 110 20 Reptilia 214 Factor affecting endemic species There are number of factors, which affect amphibians (frog) at various points in their life cycle. 1.Habitat loss and fragmentation, because of the draining and filling of inland wetlands. 2.Pollution also pay an important role. Eg; overhunting of frog legs in Asia and France. Frog eggs, tadpoles and adults are very sensitive to many pollutants especially pesticides. Conservation of Biodiversity “The management of biosphere so that it will yield the greatest sustainable benefit to present generation while maintaining its potential to meet the needs of future generation” Factors affecting biodiversity Construction of dam, pollution, pesticide, poaching, degradation of habitat, marine ecosystem disturbed by oil spills, climate factor, global warming, acid rain Advantages or need of biodiversity conservation Preserve genetic diversity of plants, drug, herbs, food are important material for animals, immediate benefit for tourism, it is life supporting system Types (or) strategy of Biodiversity Conservation 1.In-situ conservation (within habitat) In situ conservation involves protection of fauna and flora within its natural habitat, where the species normally occurs is called in –situ conservation. Ecosystem maintained under in –situ conservation are called “protected areas” Methods of In-situ conservation Around 4% of the total geographical area of the country is used for in-situ conservation. In-situ conservation Numbers available Biosphere Reserves 7 National Park 80 Wildlife sanctuaries 420 Botanical gardens 120 a)Biosphere Reserves Its cover area, more than 5000sq.km. it is used to Protects species long time. Name of biosphere state Nilgiri Kerala, Karnataka, Tamilnadu 21 Nanda devi U.P Manas Assam Gulf of mannar Tamilnadu Role of Biosphere reserves Protects endangered species, land use not allowed, useful tourism, recreation, research, education b)National Park Its cover area, more than 100 to 500sq.km. The conservation of wildlife along with environment. Name of National Park state wildlife Gir national park Gujarat Indian lion Periyar Kerala Tiger Bandipur Karnataka Elephant Kaziranga Assam One horned rhino Role of National Park Tourism, protect and develop the wild life Restriction Prohibited = grazing domestic animal, private rights and forestry activities c)Wildlife sanctuaries Which is reserved for conservation of animals only. Name of Wildlife sanctuaries state wildlife Mudumalai wildlife sanctuaries Tamilnadu Tiger, Elephant, Leopard Vedanthangal birds sanctuaries Tamilnadu Water birds Ghana birds sanctuaries Rajasthan 300 species of bird Abohar wildlife sanctuaries Punjab Black buck Role of wild life Sanctuaries Protects animals, harvesting of timber, private rights and forestry activities are not affected the animals Restriction Killing, hunting, shooting is protected d)Gene sanctuary Which is reserved for conservation of Plants only Name of Gene sanctuary plant North india citrus North india Pitcher (insect eating plant) 5)Other projects for conservation of animals Protection and conservation of certain animals Example: project tiger, Gir lion project, project elephant etc. Advantages (or) merits of In-situ conservation 22 Its very cheap and convenient, protect from natural disasters like drought, floods, forest fire Disadvantages (or) merits of In-situ conservation Maintenance not proper,pollution, not enough surface area 2.Ex-situ conservation (outside habitat) ‘Ex-situ conservation involves protection of fauna and flora outside the natural habitats’ its mainly crop varieties, wildlife crop Role of Ex-situ conservation Identifies endangered species and maintenance Important Ex-situ conservation Botanical gardens, seed banks, tissue and cell culture, Zoological gardens Methods of En-situ conservation Name of the organization Place Preservation National bureau of plant genetic New Delhi Agriculture and resources (NBPGR) horticulture crops National bureau of Animal Karnataka, Domestic brovine genetic resources (NBAGR) Haryana animals National Facility for plant tissue New Delhi Crop plants, trees culture respiratory (NFPTCR) a)cryo preservation technique This technique using liquid nitrogen at a temperature as low as -196oC preserve agriculture and horticulture crops. Eg: varieties of rice, carrot, pollen, seeds, chili etc Advantages (or) merits of In-situ conservation Endangered species increases, food, water, shelter and also security for breeding animals and hence longer time Disadvantages (or) merits of In-situ conservation Expensive, animal freedom lost, its adopted limited species, no natural environment Biographical Classification of India Its depend distribution, evolution and environmental relationship of plants and animals. In India occupies 10th position among the plant rich countries of the world. S.n Biogeographic zone Biotic Province Total area of Biomass 1 Trans-Himalayan region Upper region 5.7% 186200 2 3 Himalayan mountain Desert North west Himalayas West Himalayas Central Himalayas East Himalayas Kutch 17% 6900 6.9% 720000 123000 83000 45000 23 4 Semi Arid Thar Ladakh Central india Gujarat-Rajwara 15.6% 18000 NA 107600 404400