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Chapter 1 - How Geographers Look at the World The Geographer’s Tools A. _____________________ looks at every aspect of the Earth’s systems: human economies, societies, and cultures; plants, animals, climate, and the physical environment and how they are interconnected 1. _____________: scale model of the Earth that accurately displays area, distance, and direction 2. Cartographer: _____________________ 3. _______________ _______________ Route: imaginary line that follows the curve of the Earth and represents the shortest distance between two points B. _________ _____________________: mathematical formula used to represent the curved surface of the Earth on the flat surface of a map Three major categories of map projections: 1. ______________ (or azimuthal): projects an image of the Earth onto a geometric plane a. often used for maps of the Poles 2. __________________: how a globe would look if projected onto a cylinder and unrolled a. _____________________ projection is a common example 3. _______________: Earth’s surface projected onto a cone 4. Three common types of conical projections a. _______________ _______________: used for general reference world maps b. _____________________ Projection: similar to Winkel Tripel c. _______________ ____________________ Equal-Area: globe that has been cut apart and laid flat C. Globes and maps use a _________ _______________ to find the location of places on the Earth’s surface 1. _______________: Imaginary lines (_______________) measuring distance north and south from the equator a. _______________ is 0° latitude; the North Pole is 90°N; South Pole is 90°S McGraw-Hill (2015) 1 2. ________________: Imaginary lines (_______________) measuring distance east and west from the prime meridian a. _______________ _______________ is 0° longitude b. _____________________ _______________ is 180° longitude 3. _______________: divides the Earth in Northern and Southern Hemispheres 4. Prime _______________ and International _________________: divide the Earth into Eastern and Western Hemispheres 5. _______________ _______________: the exact position of a place on the Earth’s surface a. Determined by _______________ and _______________ 6. _______________ _______________: location in relation to other places D. Parts of a Map 1. _______________: subject of the map 2. _______________: (key) lists and explains the symbols and colors on the map 3. _______________ (icons): represent such items as cities, economic activities, or natural resources 4. _______________ __________: shows north, south, east, and west 5. __________ _______________: indicate human features such as road and political boundaries; also natural features such as rivers 6. _____________: represent a variety of information; legend indicates what colors mean a. _________________: the height of a land surface above the level of the sea 5. _______________: ratio between a unit on the map and distance on earth a. ___________ -___________ map shows a larger area with fewer details b. ___________ -___________ map shows a smaller area with a great amount of detail E. Types of Maps 1. _______________ Map: shows location and topography (shape) of the Earth’s features such as mountains, plains, rivers, and oceans a. _______________: the variation in elevation across an area of Earth's land 2. _______________ Map: show boundaries and locations of political units such as countries, states, counties, cities, and towns McGraw-Hill (2015) 2 3. _______________ Map: emphasizes a single idea or a particular kind of information about an area a. _______________ Map: type of thematic map called a flow-line map shows the movement of people, animals, goods, ideas 4. _______________ Map: describes an individual’s internal map—his or her perception of features of the Earth’s surface. 5. Cartogram: presents information based on how much of something a country or region has rather than land area F. Geospatial Technologies 1. _____________ _____________________ ______________: navigational system that can determine the absolute location of a receiver on Earth a. Uses a system of ________ satellites to create a network 2. _____________________ _____________________ _________________ (GIS): computer programs that process and organize details about places on Earth and integrate those details with satellite images and other pieces of information 3. _______________: a natural or human-made object that orbits a planet or other large astronomical body 4. _______________ _______________: any technique used to measure, observe, or monitor a subject or process without physically touching the object under observation The Geographer’s Craft A. _______________ Perspective: a way of looking at the human and physical patterns on Earth and their relationships to one another 1. _________________ perspective focuses on understanding Earth as a complex set of interacting living and nonliving components 2. _________________ perspective considers how human experiences and memories give places a unique characteristics B. Six Elements of Geography 1. The World in _______________ Terms: spatial relationships link people and places based on their locations and relationships to each other a. ___________: the specific location of a place, including its physical setting b. _________________: the geographic position of a place in relation to other places or features of a larger region McGraw-Hill (2015) 3 2. Places and _______________: a. _______________: has distinguishing characteristics defined by its features and surrounding b. Places with similar _____________________ are grouped into regions Three types of regions: _______________ Region: a region defined by a common characteristic, such as a production of a product _______________ Region: a central place and the surrounding territory linked to it _____________________ Region: a region defined by popular feelings and images rather than by objective data 3. Physical Systems (_______________ geography): looks at how the physical world (climate, land, water, plants, and animal life) interact and their significance to humans 4. Human Systems (_______________ geography): analyzes human activities and their relationship to the cultural and physical environments 5. _____________________ and _______________ (Human-Environment Interaction): The relationship between people and their physical environment a. Studies the ways people use their _____________________ b. The ways in which they change the _____________________ c. _____________________ of changes to the environment 6. Uses of _____________________: Geographers work in a variety of jobs in government, business, and education. C. Geographers use a variety of _______________ methods to do their work: direct observation and measurement, mapping, and interviewing McGraw-Hill (2015) 4