Download Instructor`s Guide

Films for the
Humanities & Sciences i
®
A Wealth of Information. A World of Ideas.
Instructor’s Guide
The Human Body: How It Works
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Introduction
This program is part of the nine-part series The Human Body: How It Works. The series uses physiologic animations and illustrations, microscopic imaging, expert commentary, and footage of the body
in motion to provide a thorough overview of the amazing human machine. The series includes:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cells, Tissues, and Skin
The Immune System
Human Development and the Reproductive System
The Respiratory System
The Circulatory System
The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
Digestion and Nutrition
The Endocrine System
The Nervous System and the Senses
Topics
Chapter 1: Why Do We Breathe?
The program begins with an introduction to cellular respiration and the production of ATP.
Also covered: Lactic acid fermentation.
Chapter 2: Anatomy of the Respiratory System
This section details the parts and functioning of the three regions of the respiratory tract. Viewers are
guided from initial intake of air through the nose all the way to the alveoli, where gas exchange
occurs. Also covered: The pleura.
Films for the
Humanities & Sciences
®
Copyright © 2009 Films for the Humanities & Sciences® • www.films.com • 1-800-257-5126
39508
1
The Human Body: How It Works
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE
Chapter 3: The Diffusion of Gas Molecules
Here viewers learn three different factors that affect oxygen diffusion: reduced surface for gas
exchange, reduced rate of oxygen entering the blood, and thickness of the diffusion barrier.
Also covered: Fick’s Law.
Chapter 4: How Do We Breathe?
The diaphragm and intercostal muscles are identified in this section as key components in the mechanics of breathing. The narrator explains how bulk flow, and the actions of pressure and volume in and
around the lungs, keeps air moving in and out. Also covered: Boyle’s Law.
Chapter 5: Preventing Lung Collapse
This chapter describes some factors in keeping the lungs inflated: negative pressure in the pleural
cavity, the production of surfactants on the inner surface of the alveoli, and the dead air remaining
in the lungs after exhalation.
Chapter 6: Meeting Changing Oxygen Demands
The role of the brain in respiration is presented here, as different types of chemoreceptors signal specialized neurons to increase oxygen intake when necessary. Also covered: The respiratory conditions
hypoxia and high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE).
Learning Objectives
Students will learn…
•
•
•
•
•
•
The parts and functions of the upper and lower respiratory tracts
The functioning of the alveoli and pleura
How the diaphragm and intercostal muscles function in inhalation and exhalation
The processes of cellular respiration, lactic acid fermentation, gas exchange, diffusion, and bulk flow
Factors affecting oxygen diffusion
How the production of dead air, alveolar surfactants, and negative pressure in the pleural cavity
keep the lungs from collapsing
• How the brain stem, cerebral cortex, specialized neurons, and chemoreceptors work together
in respiration
• How the respiratory system adapts to keep muscles energized during intense exercise
• What occurs when people contract pulmonary edema, HAPE, and hypoxia
Films for the
Humanities & Sciences
®
Copyright © 2009 Films for the Humanities & Sciences® • www.films.com • 1-800-257-5126
2
The Human Body: How It Works
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE
Vocabulary
ATP: Adenosine triphosphate, a molecule that stores and transfers energy used by the cells for
metabolism. ATP is produced during cellular respiration.
alveolus (plural is alveoli): A tiny air sac found in the lung; this is where gas exchange occurs.
An alveolus is about one one-hundredth of an inch in diameter.
bronchioles: Small sub-branches of bronchi that lead to the alveolar ducts.
bronchus (plural is bronchi): Also called a bronchial tube, it is a branch of the trachea that
conveys air to the lungs.
bulk flow: A term describing how substances such as air move from areas of higher concentration
to lower concentration, and how air is moved in and out of the lungs.
cellular respiration: The process whereby nutrients in food molecules are broken down to
produce ATP. In so doing, waste products of carbon dioxide, water, and heat are formed. Oxygen
must be present for cellular respiration to occur.
central chemoreceptors: Specialized nerve cells located in the brain stem that monitor carbon
dioxide levels. If levels rise, these stimulate the brain stem to increase respiration to eliminate the
excess carbon dioxide.
cerebral cortex: A part of the brain that responds to changes in the body’s activity by signaling
the brain stem to increase tidal volume and breathing rate.
cilia: Hair-like projections found in the nasal cavity which catch small inhaled particles and move
them to the throat to be swallowed.
dead air: Air that remains in the lungs after exhaling, that helps to keep the lungs inflated. It has
a lower oxygen content than that of freshly inhaled air.
diaphragm: A band of muscle and connective tissue that separates the chest cavity from the
abdominal cavity.
diffusion: The process that allows molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide to be transferred during
gas exchange. The molecules move from areas of high pressure in the alveoli to areas of low pressure
in the pulmonary capillaries until they reach equilibrium.
Films for the
Humanities & Sciences
®
Copyright © 2009 Films for the Humanities & Sciences® • www.films.com • 1-800-257-5126
3
The Human Body: How It Works
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE
epiglottis: A small piece of cartilage at the back of the tongue that keeps swallowed food and liquid from entering the trachea.
expiratory neurons: Neurons that extend down the spinal cord to connect with other neurons to
carry signals to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. Expiratory neurons fire when it’s necessary to
exhale more deeply, as during strenuous activity.
Fick’s Law: One of two laws derived by 19th-century scientist Adolf Fick governing the rate of diffusion of a gas across a fluid membrane. For instance, someone with damaged lung tissue will have a
harder time breathing because the decreased lung surface area decreases the rate of oxygen diffusion. Fick’s Law also explains why a drop in air pressure at high altitudes reduces the rate at which
oxygen enters the blood. (Fick is also credited with creating the first set of contact lenses.)
gas exchange: Respiration; the process whereby oxygen is transferred to the blood during inhalation, and carbon dioxide is transferred from the blood during exhalation. This transfer occurs between
the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries.
high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE): A condition in which fluid from the pulmonary
capillaries leaks in the interstitial and alveolar spaces. This occurs at high altitudes due to insufficient
oxygen in the blood.
hypoxia: A condition in which reduced oxygen pressure decreases oxygen levels in the blood,
causing fatigue, headache, dizziness, and other symptoms. Occurring at high altitudes, it can be a
precursor to potentially lethal altitude sickness.
inspiratory neurons: Neurons that extend down the spinal cord to connect with other neurons
to carry signals to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. The firing of inspiratory neurons causes
us to inhale.
intercostal muscles: Muscles between the ribs that aid the diaphragm in getting air in and out of
the lungs. The external intercostals help lift the ribs during inhalation, and the internal intercostals
contract to, force dead air out of the lungs — especially during strenuous exercise, when the body
needs more oxygen.
interstitium: The fluid-filled space between cells.
lactic acid fermentation: A process which allows muscles to keep functioning even when oxygen
is low by providing an additional source of ATP. The downside to this is sore muscles and fatigue,
caused by the build-up of lactic acid.
Films for the
Humanities & Sciences
®
Copyright © 2009 Films for the Humanities & Sciences® • www.films.com • 1-800-257-5126
4
The Human Body: How It Works
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE
larynx: Also called the voicebox, it connects the pharynx with the trachea.
lower respiratory tract: The trachea, primary bronchi, and lungs; this is where air is conducted
to and from the lungs.
medulla oblongata: A portion of the brain stem, it controls respiration through inspiratory and
expiratory neurons.
nasal cavity: The part of the upper respiratory tract where air is warmed and humidified before
traveling to the lungs. It is lined with a mucus membrane and cilia.
peripheral chemoreceptors: Specialized nerve cells located in the carotid arteries and aorta that
monitor blood oxygen levels. If levels drop, these stimulate the inspiratory neurons to increase depth
of breathing and breathing rate.
pharynx: Part of the throat leading from the mouth and nasal passages to the larynx and esophagus.
pleura: A membrane surrounding the lungs. Its inner layer (the visceral pleural membrane) touches
the outer surface of the lung. Its outer layer (the outer parietal pleural membrane) lines the inner wall
of the thoracic cavity. These layers secrete a lubricating fluid into the pleural cavity that reduces friction during breathing.
pleural cavity: The thin space between the inner and outer membranes of the pleura.
primary bronchi (left and right): Bronchial tubes that connect the trachea to the lungs, forming
an upside-down Y. The right primary bronchus splits into three secondary branches in the three lobes
of the right lung, and the left splits into the two lobes of the left lung.
pulmonary capillaries: Blood vessels covering each alveolar sac that pick up oxygen and deliver
carbon dioxide to the alveoli.
respiration: A process the involves the exchange of gases between the air around us and the cells
of our bodies.
sinuses: Also called sinus cavities, these are air-filled chambers surrounding the nasal cavity. They
produce mucus, which drains into the nasal cavity.
surfactant: A type of molecule secreted by Type II alveolar cells. Surfactants coat the alveoli and
act to reduce their surface tension, thus preventing them from collapsing.
Films for the
Humanities & Sciences
®
Copyright © 2009 Films for the Humanities & Sciences® • www.films.com • 1-800-257-5126
5
The Human Body: How It Works
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE
tidal volume: The volume of air inhaled and exhaled in each breath during regular breathing.
trachea: Also called the windpipe, it is the part of the lower respiratory tract that connects the
larynx to the bronchi, bringing air to the lungs.
upper respiratory tract: The nasal passages, nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx; this is where
air enters and leaves the body.
Student Projects
• Demonstrate your understanding of the parts and functioning of the respiratory system by tracing
air’s journey from the nasal cavity all the way to the alveoli. Your presentation can be in the form
of a written report, spreadsheet, series of labeled drawings, poster, 3-D model, video, or even a
song, poem, play, or imaginative story.
• Make a detailed diagram to illustrate gas exchange and diffusion. For extra credit, include the role
of plants in human respiration.
• Hay fever, sinus infection, the common cold — what’s going on in the upper respiratory tract when
these occur? How can cold medications and home remedies provide relief? Present your findings
in a brief paper.
• Using the library and the Internet, learn more about ATP and how it works. Then, study ads for ATP
supplements targeted at bodybuilders. Do you think these supplements work? Does the reasoning
presented in some of the ads hold up to scientific scrutiny? Present your findings in a brief paper.
• Create a mini graphic novel illustrating what happens in the respiratory system when a dancer,
athlete, singer, or mountain climber exert themselves beyond their usual capacity.
• Investigate different types of yoga breathing, or pranayama. Then write about one type in detail,
describing how air is inhaled, held, and released. Do you think the increased intake of oxygen could
have a physiological effect on the body? Include in your report any legitimate scientific findings on
the use of yoga breathing in stress reduction.
Films for the
Humanities & Sciences
®
Copyright © 2009 Films for the Humanities & Sciences® • www.films.com • 1-800-257-5126
6
The Human Body: How It Works
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE
Quiz
1. The main function of the respiratory system is to provide oxygen to the cells and to dispose of
_____.
a) excess ATP
b) hemoglobin
c) carbon dioxide
d) carbon monoxide
2. _____ is the process whereby nutrients in food molecules are broken down to produce ATP.
Oxygen must be present for this to occur.
a) Diffusion
b) Cellular respiration
c) Lactic acid fermentation
d) Oxygenation
3. True or False? The right lung has three lobes, while the left lung has only two lobes to allow room
for the heart.
4. The _____ connects to the larynx, which connects to the trachea, which connects to the _____.
a) pharynx; bronchi
b) pharynx; alveolar ducts
c) bronchus; bronchi
d) epiglottis; pharynx
5. Strenuous exercise can cause _____.
a) muscle soreness due to lactic acid fermentation
b) activation of intercostal muscles to force dead air out of the lungs and allow more fresh air in
c) firing of expiratory neurons to signal deeper exhalation
d) all of the above
Films for the
Humanities & Sciences
®
Copyright © 2009 Films for the Humanities & Sciences® • www.films.com • 1-800-257-5126
7
The Human Body: How It Works
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE
6. After mucus has trapped tiny particles in the nasal cavity with inhalation, _____ move(s) the
particle-laden mucus toward the throat to be swallowed.
a) cilia
b) lubricating fluid
c) oxygen
d) bulk transport
7. The alveoli are the site of _____, the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and
the blood.
a) ATP conversion
b) gas exchange
c) equalization
d) bulk flow
8. The two pleural membranes secrete _____ into the pleural cavity to help reduce friction during
breathing.
a) oxygen
b) mucus
c) lubricating fluid
d) carbon dioxide
9. Diffusion of oxygen in the lungs is always from the _____ to the pulmonary capillaries.
a) bronchial tubes
b) alveoli
c) pleural cavity
d) heart
10. A person with emphysema will have a harder time breathing because the damaged lung tissue
has less surface area for gas exchange to occur. This is an illustration of _____.
a) hypoxia
b) neuron impairment
c) Moore’s Law
d) Fick’s Law
Films for the
Humanities & Sciences
®
Copyright © 2009 Films for the Humanities & Sciences® • www.films.com • 1-800-257-5126
8
The Human Body: How It Works
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE
11. True or False? By pulling the rib cage upward and outward, intercostal muscles increase lung
volume, which increases pressure in the lungs. This allows air to flow in to the lungs.
12. The production of surfactants on the inner surface of the alveoli _____.
a) helps keep the lungs inflated
b) reduces friction to aid in breathing
c) inhibits diffusion
d) contributes to mucus in the bronchial tubes
13. When inspiratory neurons fire, they stimulate the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
to contract, causing us to _____.
a) exhale
b) inhale
c) hiccup
d) feel dizzy
14. _____ monitor the rates of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. If oxygen drops or CO2
rises, these specialized cells signal neurons in the brain stem to increase the rate of breathing.
a) Expiratory neurons
b) Type II alveolar cells
c) Pulmonary capillaries
d) Chemoreceptors
15. Mountain climbers are at risk for altitude sickness because _____ lowers oxygen levels in the
blood.
a) increased oxygen pressure
b) strenuous exercise
c) reduced oxygen pressure
d) lactic acid fermentation
Films for the
Humanities & Sciences
®
Copyright © 2009 Films for the Humanities & Sciences® • www.films.com • 1-800-257-5126
9
The Human Body: How It Works
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE
Answers to Quiz
1. c) carbon dioxide
2. b) Cellular respiration
3. True
4. a) pharynx; bronchi
5. d) all of the above
6. a) cilia
7. b) gas exchange
8. c) lubricating fluid
9. b) alveoli
10. d) Fick’s Law
11. False (pressure in the lung is decreased).
12. a) helps keep the lungs inflated
13. b) inhale
14. d) Chemoreceptors
15. c) reduced oxygen pressure
Please send comments, questions, and suggestions to [email protected]
Films for the
Humanities & Sciences
®
Copyright © 2009 Films for the Humanities & Sciences® • www.films.com • 1-800-257-5126
10