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Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance and Reformation ONE of these things is NOT like the others… • • • • Valois Tudor Madrid Toledo ONE of these things is NOT like the others… • • • • The Lancastrian The Sforza The Medici The Borgia ONE of these things is NOT like the others… • • • • On the Dignity of Man The Birth of Venus The Prince Utopia ONE of these things is NOT like the others… • • • • Hernán Cortéz Vasco da Gama Cosimo de Medici Jean Cartier ONE of these things is NOT like the others… • • • • Duchy of Savoy Republic of Florence Granada Sardinia ONE of these things is NOT like the others… • • • • Valois Tudor Madrid Toledo • Madrid is a city in Spain. The rest are “ruling families” or dynasties in Europe. ONE of these things is NOT like the others… • • • • The Lancastrian The Sforza The Medici The Borgia • The Lancastrian is a “dynasty” of Europe. The rest are “ruling families” of the Italian city-states. ONE of these things is NOT like the others… • • • • On the Dignity of Man The Birth of Venus The Prince Utopia • The “Birth of Venus” is an art piece. The rest are books written during the Renaissance. ONE of these things is NOT like the others… • • • • Hernán Cortéz Vasco da Gama Cosimo de Medici Jean Cartier • Cosimo was a Pope and from the ruling Medici family. The rest were global explorers. ONE of these things is NOT like the others… • • • • Duchy of Savoy Republic of Florence Granada Sardinia • Granada is a city in Spain. The rest are “city-states” in Italy. • Which man was NOT a distinguished painter of the Renaissance? – Sandro Botticelli – Raphael Sanzio – Guillaume Dufay – Jan Van Eyck 2. Which statement about humanism is FALSE? – Humanism studied and supported the liberal arts, or the humanities – Humanists used painstaking logic and abstract language in their discourses. – Humanists were a heterogeneous group, although they were overwhelming wellborn. – Most humanists did not consider their study of ancient cultures to be in conflict with the Christian faith 3.Which of the following was NOT determined by wealth and class? – family structure – the pattern of marriage – the pattern of childbearing – religious commitment 4.What was the Treaty of Lodi (1454)? – It settled the Hundred’s Year War. – It established a complex balance of power among the major Italian states, settling decades of war. – It reconfirmed peace following the Ottoman invasion of Constantinople – It reestablished French control over Burgundy 5. What was the dilemma faced by Italian widows? – They had a choice between the autonomy that came with living alone and the guarantee of security that came with moving back into their father’s house with their children – Because children belonged to their father’s family, widows had to decide whether to remain single and keep their children or to remarry and lose custody of the children from their first marriage. – They were left to choose a new husband who would be good to their first husband’s children – They could take over their husbands business and have less time with their children or contact their work out to a man to have more time for mothering 6.What percentage of Florence’s wealth did the richest 1% of its households own? – more than 15% – more than 25% – more than 40% – more than 75% 7.Typically, what was the age difference between northern European spouses? – Husbands and wives were about the same age. – Husbands were significantly older than their wives. – Wives were significantly older than their husbands – Contemporary records are inadequate to make a determination. 8.What was the highest praise attributed to a Renaissance artist? – To be blessed with “inspiration from God” – To be described as an “imitator of nature” – To be praised as an “artistic genius” – To have possession of a “brilliant eye and talented hand” 9.What was the source of power of the Medici Family? – It headed the largest bank in Europe – It dominated the top political offices in Florence – It commanded a formidable personal army – The family related by marriage to almost all major European royal houses of the day 10. Which two dynasties fought for dominance of Europe in the Sixteenth Century? – The Valois and the Habsburg – The York and Lancastrian – The Tudor and the Anjou – The Burgundian and Castilian • Which man was NOT a distinguished painter of the Renaissance? – Sandro Botticelli – Raphael Sanzio – Guillaume Dufay – Jan Van Eyck 2. Which statement about humanism is FALSE? – Humanism studied and supported the liberal arts, or the humanities – Humanists used painstaking logic and abstract language in their discourses. – Humanists were a heterogeneous group, although they were overwhelming wellborn. – Most humanists did not consider their study of ancient cultures to be in conflict with the Christian faith 3.Which of the following was NOT determined by wealth and class? – family structure – the pattern of marriage – the pattern of childbearing – religious commitment 4.What was the Treaty of Lodi (1454)? – It settled the Hundred’s Year War. – It established a complex balance of power among the major Italian states, settling decades of war. – It reconfirmed peace following the Ottoman invasion of Constantinople – It reestablished French control over Burgundy 5. What was the dilemma faced by Italian widows? – They had a choice between the autonomy that came with living alone and the guarantee of security that came with moving back into their father’s house with their children – Because children belonged to their father’s family, widows had to decide whether to remain single and keep their children or to remarry and lose custody of the children from their first marriage. – They were left to choose a new husband who would be good to their first husband’s children – They could take over their husbands business and have less time with their children or contact their work out to a man to have more time for mothering 6.What percentage of Florence’s wealth did the richest 1% of its households own? – more than 15% – more than 25% – more than 40% – more than 75% 7.Typically, what was the age difference between northern European spouses? – Husbands and wives were about the same age. – Husbands were significantly older than their wives. – Wives were significantly older than their husbands – Contemporary records are inadequate to make a determination. 8.What was the highest praise attributed to a Renaissance artist? – To be blessed with “inspiration from God” – To be described as an “imitator of nature” – To be praised as an “artistic genius” – To have possession of a “brilliant eye and talented hand” 9.What was the source of power of the Medici Family? – It headed the largest bank in Europe – It dominated the top political offices in Florence – It commanded a formidable personal army – The family related by marriage to almost all major European royal houses of the day 10. Which two dynasties fought for dominance of Europe in the Sixteenth Century? – The Valois and the Habsburg – The York and Lancastrian – The Tudor and the Anjou – The Burgundian and Castilian Renaissance and Reformation “Main Themes” • Humanism – Rediscovery of Greek and Roman writing and philosophy. “Christian Humanists” tried to equate “God” with these terms • Revolution in Art – New techniques in art, architecture, sculpture, and music. Individual talents were praised and recognized, and often, patronized. Artists emerged from “artisans” to “rare men of genius” and enjoyed a great degree of independence and autonomy. • Social Hierarchies – “Little People” made up 60%, “Fat People” at 30%. Women were relegated to domestic service, high birthrates, and early marriages. Men outnumbered women, particularly in the South. Middle- and upper-class families could hire wet nurses, but most couldn’t afford this service. High number of “foundlings” and orphans. Unwed mothers were heavily looked down upon. Governments “regulated” brothels. Renaissance and Reformation “Main Themes” 4.Politics – Remember Machiavelli’s The Prince. Alliances formed, and broken. Treaty of Lodi very important! Florence, Venice, Milan, and Naples make up the biggest “players” (Milan being the “leader” in “diplomacy”) 5.Monarchies and Dynasties – Warring dynasties in England (Lancaster and York). Isabella and Ferdinand marry in Spain and end centuries of war. The Burundians fight with the Valois in France. Renaissance and Reformation ONE of these things is NOT like the others… • • • • Thomas More John Calvin Hulrych Zwingli Martin Luther ONE of these things is NOT like the others… • • • • predestination baptism Eucharist Ecclesiast ONE of these things is NOT like the others… • • • • Germany France Spain Italy ONE of these things is NOT like the others… • • • • Germany Denmark Holland England ONE of these things is NOT like the others… • • • • Henry IV Charles V Queen Elizabeth I Henry VIII ONE of these things is NOT like the others… • • • • Thomas More John Calvin Hulrych Zwingli Martin Luther • Thomas More was a Humanist writer. The others were present as “religious leaders” at the Colloquy of Marburg. ONE of these things is NOT like the others… • • • • predestination baptism Eucharist Ecclesiast • An “Ecclesiast” is someone who shares the “word of God”. The rest are “religious terms” debated at the Colloquy of Marburg. ONE of these things is NOT like the others… • • • • Germany France Spain Italy • Germany is/was a Protestant nation. The others were/are Catholic. ONE of these things is NOT like the others… • • • • Germany Denmark Holland England • England was an Anglican nation. The others were/are Protestant. ONE of these things is NOT like the others… • • • • Henry IV Charles V Queen Elizabeth I Henry VIII • Queen Elizabeth was after the main “wars of religion”. The others were leaders during the wars. 1.What was Luther’s primary complaint in the 95 Theses he composed in 1517? – Treatment of the poor – The overemphasis on power and wealth in European society – Unfair taxation by the Holy Roman Emperor – The sale of indulgences and church office 2.The Colloquy of Marburg in 1529 was an attempt to address doctrinal differences between which two religious movements? – Luther’s and Calvin’s – Luther’s and the Anabaptists’ – Calvin’s and Zwingli’s – Luther’s and Zwingli’s 3.Who established a Christian republic in Geneva in 1514? – Thomas More – John Calvin – Huldrych Zwingli – Martin Luther 4.What motivated Henry VIII of England to break with Rome in 1534? – He was convinced by the teachings of Calvin – He was at war with Catholic Spain – The papacy was trying to collect taxes in England – The papacy would not allow him to divorce 5.Which new Catholic order founded in 1540 played a leading role in the Catholic Reformation? – The Franciscans – The Dominicans – The Cistercians – The Jesuits 6.Which of the following was NOT an outcome of the Council of Trent? – The Catholic Church reasserted the supremacy of the clergy over the laity – The doctrine of the Catholic Church was clarified – The Catholic Church reconciled itself with the Protestant church – The clergy became more disciplined and better trained 7.People of the Sixteenth Century sought spiritual comfort in all the following ways EXCEPT by _____. – going on pilgrimages. – building new shrines. – using prayer books in the vernacular and Latin – joining crusades to the Holy Land 8.Who most influences the thought of Huldrych Zwingli? – John Calvin – Martin Luther – Desiderius Erasmus – Thomas More 9. Which of the following statements regarding the Anabaptists is FALSE? – They were pacifists, and rejected the authority of courts and magistrates – They considered themselves to be a community of true Christians modeled on the first Christian community. – Theirs was primarily an upper-class movement. – Though persecuted and condemned, the movement spread to many cities in southern Germany. 10. The Peace of Augsburg _____. – allowed all princes of the Holy Roman Empire, whether Catholic or Lutheran, to determine the religion of their lands and subjects, but it excluded Calvinist and other dissenting groups. – did not satisfy the claims of the French king, causing him to again take up arms as soon as he was able. – allowed emperor Charles V to consolidate control over his Netherlandish-Burgundian territories, his Spanish dominions, and his Austrian lands. – bankrupted the Spanish crown. 1.What was Luther’s primary complaint in the 95 Theses he composed in 1517? – Treatment of the poor – The overemphasis on power and wealth in European society – Unfair taxation by the Holy Roman Emperor – The sale of indulgences and church office 2.The Colloquy of Marburg in 1529 was an attempt to address doctrinal differences between which two religious movements? – Luther’s and Calvin’s – Luther’s and the Anabaptists’ – Calvin’s and Zwingli’s – Luther’s and Zwingli’s 3.Who established a Christian republic in Geneva in 1514? – Thomas More – John Calvin – Huldrych Zwingli – Martin Luther 4.What motivated Henry VIII of England to break with Rome in 1534? – He was convinced by the teachings of Calvin – He was at war with Catholic Spain – The papacy was trying to collect taxes in England – The papacy would not allow him to divorce 5.Which new Catholic order founded in 1540 played a leading role in the Catholic Counter-Reformation? – The Franciscans – The Dominicans – The Cistercians – The Jesuits 6.Which of the following was NOT an outcome of the Council of Trent? – The Catholic Church reasserted the supremacy of the clergy over the laity – The doctrine of the Catholic Church was clarified – The Catholic Church reconciled itself with the Protestant church – The clergy became more disciplined and better trained 7.People of the Sixteenth Century sought spiritual comfort in all the following ways EXCEPT by _____. – going on pilgrimages. – building new shrines. – using prayer books in the vernacular and Latin – joining crusades to the Holy Land 8.Who most influences the thought of Huldrych Zwingli? – John Calvin – Martin Luther – Desiderius Erasmus – Thomas More 9. Which of the following statements regarding the Anabaptists is FALSE? – They were pacifists, and rejected the authority of courts and magistrates – They considered themselves to be a community of true Christians modeled on the first Christian community. – Theirs was primarily an upper-class movement. – Though persecuted and condemned, the movement spread to many cities in southern Germany. 10. The Peace of Augsburg _____. – allowed all princes of the Holy Roman Empire, whether Catholic or Lutheran, to determine the religion of their lands and subjects, but it excluded Calvinist and other dissenting groups. – did not satisfy the claims of the French king, causing him to again take up arms as soon as he was able. – allowed emperor Charles V to consolidate control over his Netherlandish-Burgundian territories, his Spanish dominions, and his Austrian lands. – bankrupted the Spanish crown. Renaissance and Reformation “Main Themes” • Crisis of Faith – Catholicism is a huge part of life, but it’s more of a “rule” than a “faith”. Clergy had privileges and immunities from taxation and war service. Indulgences were required. Priests were immoral and corrupt. “Pluralism” gives churches unlimited power! • Christian Humanism – Erasmus and Thomas More believe that education can transform society (“Philosophy of Christ”). Used humor and satire to open people’s eyes to the Church’s wrongs. • Martin Luther – 95 Theses respond to Church abuse. Believed that “by faith alone” someone is saved – not by a priest or by indulgences. Tried at the Diet of Worms, excommunicated by Charles V. But “if you give a mouse a cookie”…peasants revolt and demand a reform of religion and society! Renaissance and Reformation “Main Themes” 4. Protestantism – Divided between “camps”. Zwingli, influenced by Erasmus, makes the Swiss the “leaders” of reform and challenges Luther on the concept of the Eucharist and the fact that Bible reading is for everyone! John Calvin and his “predestination” makes for problems too. “Anabaptists” agree that the whole system is flawed and needs rebuilding! Anglicanism, a product of Henry VIII’s desire for divorce. 5. Wars of Religion – Peace of Augsburg fails; Huguenots killed in the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. Henry IV believes “Paris is worth a mass” and converts to Catholicism; issues Edict of Nantes. Charles V cannot keep the Holy Roman Empire together; wars break out. France declares war on Spain, Sweden comes to Germany’s aid and the Dutch follow. Peace of Westphalia puts and end to religious wars, once and for all! 6. Catholic Response – Catholicism is losing out. Council of Trent (Pope Paul III) and the “Holy Office” aim at restructuring the Church and focusing more on “Bible teaching”. Priesthood given to the “pious”, not the “privileged”. Kinda works…but doesn’t resolved differences or reconcile with Protestants