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1 Chapter 1 Puberty I. Overview Menarche – time of first menstruation Puberty – physical changes that indicate sexual maturity Include the following: 1. growth spurt 2. development of primary sex characteristics 3. development of secondary sex characteristics 4. changes in body shape 5. changes in circulation and respiration A. Endocrine System Produces, circulates and regulates hormones 1. hormones – secreted by endrocrine glands 2. feedback loop a. hypothalamus monitors level of hormones; androgens (LH and RF) and estrogens b. stimulates pituitary (LH and FSH) c. stimulates gonads (testes and ovaries) d. production of more hormones II. Somatic Development A. Body changes 1. adolescent growth spurt a. result of release of growth hormone (thyroid hormones and androgens 2. peak height velocity – point of most rapid growth 3. bone composition – become harder, more dense, more brittle; ends with the closing of ends of the long bones 4. asynchronicity in growth – adolescents grow disproportionately; awkward and gawky 5. weight increase – both muscle and fat a. boys – more muscle 3:1 (muscle to fat) b. girls- more fat 5:4 6. increase in endurance – increase in size and capacity of heart and lungs 7. brain growth – also has “spurt”; change in size and thinking ability B. Sexual maturation Tanner Stages – 5 stages of development of secondary sex characteristics 1. sexual maturity in boys (see chart) 2. sexual maturation in girls (see chart) 2 C. D. III. Timing and pace of puberty Variations in: 1. onset, rate and end are highly variable 2. boys start later and end later 3. and early onset and fast maturers can be done before a late onset, late maturer has started 4. no differences in cultures or ethnic groups Genetic and Environmental Influences 1. Individual differences a. predisposition is genetic for rate and timing b. environment plays part in specific timing 1. nutrition 2. health related (i.e. chronic illnesses delays) 2. Group differences a. affluence decreases age of onset b. variable within groups c. secular trend – across time age of menarche has decreased 1. better nutrition 2. better sanitation 3. better health care Psychological and Social Impact A. Immediate Impact 1. puberty and self-esteem a. has little or no effect on boys b. affects girls if they change schools, date and enter puberty in the same year 2. moodiness a. little support for presence of moodiness b. most prevalent in early puberty when hormones fluctuate c. moods varied more with stress from life events d. delayed phase preference – patter of later sleeping and rising preferred by adolescents 3. puberty and family relations a. family stress increases regardless of early or late maturation b. seen in animal models – pushing away, seeking independence c. need to reestablish a balance in parent-child relationship because adolescents require a different type of parenting d. early maturers date sooner; seek more adult approval 4. impact of menarche and first ejaculation a. less negative attitudes today perhaps because more information is available and there is more discussion before these events b. more positive attitude association with less menstrual discomfort 3 c. 5. whereas girls told mothers then friends about onset, boys did NOT discuss first ejaculation with anyone perhaps because of the negative connotations associated with masturbation early and late maturation a. boys 1. among peers a. popular b. stronger feelings of positive affect c. attention d. strength 2. late maturers seen as a. more childish b. negative self-concept c. less self-control d. less responsible e. less self-assured 3. behavior a. early more likely to engage in antisocial or deviant behavior (truancy, school problems), drug and alcohol use b. possible because of association with older peers 4. mood a. early maturers – more temper tantrums b. later maturers – more time to prepare and develop necessary skills i.e. intellectual curiosity, social initiative, and exploratory behavior 5. later in life a. early 1. more confident 2. more responsible 3. more conforming 4. conventional 5. humorless b. late 1. more impulsive 2. assertive 3. insightfully 4. inventive 5. creatively playful b. girls 1. early a. less popular b. less poised 4 c. d. e. f. too far ahead of the boys g. IV. less expressive more submissive withdrawn less assured more emotional difficulties 1. poor self-image 2. higher incidence of depression, anxiety, eating disorders, panic attacks 3. more deviant behavior; drug & alcohol use, school problems, early sexual intercourse 4. perhaps because of earlier dating of older boys Physical Health Focus on preventable situations; car accidents, violence, substance abuse, unprotected sex. Use of school-based health care centers most effective