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Terms for organic chemistry
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I. Alkanes（烷烃）
Hydrocarbons having no double or triple bond
functional groups are classified as alkanes or
cycloalkanes, depending on whether the carbon
atoms of the molecule are arranged only in chains or
also in rings. Although these hydrocarbons have no
functional groups, they constitute the framework on
which functional groups are located in other classes
of compounds, and provide an ideal starting point
for studying and naming organic compounds.
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1. Acyclic Alkanes
（非环烷烃，链烷烃）
1.1 Straight-chain alkanes （直链烷烃）
The first four saturated unbranched acyclic
hydrocarbons are called methane, ethane, propane
and butane. Names of the higher members of this
series consist of a numerical term, followed by “ane” with elision of terminal “a” from the
numerical term。
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= Number prefix-ane
CH4
Methane
CH3CH2CH3
Propane
CH3CH3
Ethane
CH3(CH2)2CH3
Butane
CH3(CH2)3CH3 Pentane
CH3(CH2)4CH3
Hexane
CH3(CH2)5CH3 Heptane
CH3(CH2)6CH3
Octane
CH3(CH2)7CH3
CH3(CH2)8CH3 Decane
Nonane
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1.2 Branched alkanes and alkyl groups
The naming of branched alkanes is the same
as straight chain alkanes except than one or
more hydrogen atoms are substituted by alkyl
groups (side chain). The branched alkane is
named by prefixing the designations（名称）
of the side chains to the name of the longest
chain present in the formula 。
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Univalent radicals derived from saturated
unbranched acyclic hydrocarbons by
removal of hydrogen from a terminal carbon
atom are named by replacing the ending "ane" of the name of the hydrocarbon by "yl".
Radical = Alk -yl
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for example:
CH3Methyl
CH3CH2Ethyl
CH3CH2CH2Propyl
CH3(CH2)2CH2Butyl
pentyl (amyl), hexyl, heptyl, phenyl, benzyl,
isobutyl, isopentyl, cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl
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branched-chain hydrocarbon =
n-Radical+alkane
C C C C
2-Methylbutane
C
C
C
C
C
2,2-Dimethylpropane
C
C C C C C C C 4-Ethyl-2,5-dimethylheptane
C C
C
C
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CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CHCH2CHCH2CH2CH2CH3
CH3
4-甲基-6-乙基癸烷
6-ethyl-4-methyldecane
2,7-二甲基-3-乙基-4-丙基辛烷
3-ethyl-2,7-dimethyl-4-propyloctane
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Univalent radicals derived from saturated
branched acyclic hydrocarbons are also
named by replacing the ending "-ane" of the
name of the hydrocarbon by "-yl". But some
common names are also used, such as “异”
（iso-）, “仲”(sec-), “叔”（tert-）, “新”
（neo-）,etc.
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对取代的烷基也可以在相应的烃名前加“异”（iso）、“仲”(sec-)、“叔”（tert-）、“新”（neo-）
等字命名。下面是一些符合条件的烷基，其系统命
名和普通命名如下：
(CH3)2CH-CH2-Methylpropyl Isobutyl
CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)- 1-Methylpropyl sec-Butyl
(CH3)3C1,1-Dimethylethyl tert-Butyl
CH3-CH2-C(CH3)2- 1,1-Dimethylpropyl tert-pentyl
(CH3)3C-CH22,2-Dimethylpropyl Neopentyl
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2.cycloalkanes
2.1Unsubstituted cycloalkanes= Cyclo+alkane
Cyclopropane Cyclobutane
Cyclopentane
Cyclohexane
Cycloheptane
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2.2 Substituted cycloalkanes
They are named in a fashion very similar to that
used for naming branched alkanes. The chief
difference is that the numbering starts at a
substituted ring atom.
1-ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane
CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
CH2CH2
1-cyclobutylpentane
1,2-dicyclohexylethane
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II. Alkene and alkynes
Alkenes and alkynes are hydrocarbons
which respectively have carbon-carbon
double bond and carbon-carbon triple
bond functional groups. They are named by
replacing “ane” with “ene” and “yne”
respectively. When there are more than one
double bond or triple bond, The prefixes di,
tri, tetra etc are added before “ene” or “yne” .
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C-C-C-C=C-C
C-C=C
C-C=C-C
C-C-C-C=C
C-C=C-C=C-C=C
C=C-C=C
C-C=C-C=C
Hex-2-ene
Propene
But-2-ene
Pent-1-ene
Hepta-1,3,5-triene
Buta-1,3-diene
Penta-1,3-diene
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C C C
C C C C C
C
C
C C C C
Propyne
2-Pentyne
Ethyne (acetylene)
1,3-Butadiyne
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C C C C
2-Methyl-2-butene
C
C C C C C
2-Methyl-2,4-hexadiene
C
C
C C
C
C C C C C C C
3-Ethyl-4-Methyyl-1,5-heptadiene
C C
C C C
C C C
C
2-Methyl-2,4,6-octatriene
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III. Aromatic hydrocarbon
Aromatic compounds contain benzene.
Benzene C6H6 has 6 C atoms and 6 H Atoms.
The structures for benzene are also written as
one formula with a circle within the ring to
represent the alternating double bonds.
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Aromatic compounds are named with
benzene as the parent chain. One side
group is named in front of the name
benzene.
CH3
methylbenzene
Cl
chlorobenzene
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When two groups are attached to benzene, the ring
is numbered to give these substituents the lowest
possible numbers. The prefixes ortho (1,2), meta
(1,3-) and para (1,4-) are also used.
Cl
CH3
Cl
CH3
Cl
1,2-dimethylbenzene
1,3-dichlorobenzene
(ortho-dimethylbenzene)
(meta-dichlorobenzene)
CH3
1-chloro-4-methylbenzene
(para-chloromethylbenzene)
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The compound is termed as ortho if the two
substituents are on the adjacent carbon atoms. In
IUPAC system to indicate these positions are 1, 2.
(b) Meta. The compound is termed as meta if the
two substituents are on alternate carbon atom. In
IUPAC system to indicate these position are 1, 3.
(c) Para. The compound is termed as para if the
two substituents are present on diagonally
opposite carbon atoms. In IUPAC system to
indicate these positions are 1, 4..
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IV. Alcohols
Alcohol = Alkan-ol
The systematic nomenclature for alcohols adds the
ending -ol to the name of the parent alkane and
uses a number to identify the carbon that carries
the OH group. When there are more than one
hydroxy groups , the prefixes di, tri, tetra etc are
added before “ol” or “yne”. In this case, the letter “e”
in the original suffix “ane” should be kept, since
those prefixes di, tri, tetra etc begin with a
consonant.
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V. phenols
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VI. ethers
Alcohols (ROH) can be thought of as
derivatives of water in which one of the
hydrogen atoms has been replaced by an
alkyl group. If both of the hydrogen atoms
are replaced by alkyl groups, we get an
ether (ROR).
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1） Ethers can be named by naming each of the two
carbon groups as a separate word followed by a space
and the word ether. “di” indicate two same alkyl groups
Ether = R+R’+ether
CH3CH2OCH3
ethylmethyl ether
(CH3)2CHOCH3
Isopropyl methyl ether
CH3CH2CH2OCH2CH2CH3
Dipropyl ether
CH3CH2OCH2CH3
diethyl ether
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2) Alternatively, the “R2” in the ether molecule “R1O-R2” can be taken as the parent structure, while
“R1O” is taken as a substitute. RO is called “alkoxy”,
such as methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy,
butoxy,pentyloxy, hexyloxy,ect.
CH3CH2OCH3
methoxyethane
(CH3)2CHOCH3
Isopropoxypropane
CH3CH2CH2OCH2CH2CH3
propoxypropane
CH3CH2OCH2CH3
ethoxyethane
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VII. Aldehydes
Aldehydes are organic chemical compounds that
include a -carbonyl group (i.e. an oxygen atom
attached to a carbon atom by a double covalent
bond) and a hydogen atom attached to the same
carbon atom as is attached to the carbonyl group.
Aldehydes are named by replacing “e” at the end of
the corresponding alkane by a suffix “-al”.
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Aldehyde = Alkan -al
CH3
CH3CHCH2CH2CH2CHO
5-Methylhexanal
CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO
Pentanal
OHCCH2CH2CH2CH2CHO
Hexanedial
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VII. Ketones
Ketones always have two carbon atoms
attached to the carbon atom of the carbonyl
group, so the functional group is C-CO-C.
Ketones are named by replacing “e” at the end
of the corresponding alkane by a suffix “-one”.
If the carbon chain is five carbon atoms or
longer, indicate the position of the carbonyl
group by assigning it the lowest number
possible.
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O
O
CH3CH2CCH3 CH2 CH CH2 C CH3
2-Butanone
4-Penten-2-one
O
O
CH3 CH2 C CH2 C CH3 2,4-Hexanedione
CH3CH2 O
O
CH2 CH CH C CH2 C CH3
5-Ethyl-6-heptene-2,4-dione
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VIII. Carboxylic acid
Carboxylic acids contain the -COOH
group .The nomenclature for carboxylic acids
requires the longest carbon chain of the molecule
to be identified and the -e of alkane name to be
replaced with -oic acid.
Carboxylic acid = Alkan-oic acid
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HCOOH
CH3-COOH
CH3CH2-COOH
CH2=CH-COOH
CF3-COOH
HOOCCOOH
HOOCCH2CH2-COOH
methanoic acid
ethanoic acid
propanoic acid
propenoic acid
trifluoroethanoic acid
Ethanedioic acid
butanedioic acid
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CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2COOH
Hexanoic acid
CH3CH=CHCH2COOH
3-Pentenoic acid
CH3CH=CCH=CHCOOH
4-Ethyl-2,4-hexadienoic acid
CH2CH3
HO2CCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CO2H Heptanedioic acid
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XI. Ester
In an ester, the hydrogen in the -COOH
group is replaced by an alkyl group. An ester name
has two parts: the part that comes from the acid
(propanoate) and the part that shows the alkyl group
(methyl).
Ester = Alkyl （某酯）+ alkan+oate（某酸）
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Start by thinking about propanoic acid - a 3
carbon acid with no carbon-carbon double
bonds.
.
The hydrogen in the -COOH group is replaced
by an alkyl group - in this case, a methyl group
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CH3COOCH3
methyl ethanoate
乙酸甲酯
CH3CH2COOC2H5
COOC4H9
ethyl propanoate
丙酸乙酯
butyl benzoate
苯甲酸丁酯
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Excise
CH3CH2CHCOOH
CH3
2-methyl butanoic acid
2-甲基丁酸
CH3CH CHCH2COOH
3-pentenoic acid
3-戊烯酸
CH3CH2CHCH2CHCH3 2-ethyl-4-methylpentanedioic acid
COOH COOH 2-甲基- 4-乙基戊二酸
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Exercise
CH2CH
3
4
2
5
1
CH3
CH3
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3−(2−methylpropyl)cyclohexene或
3−isobutyl cyclohexene
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1,3-butadiene
1,3,6-heptatriene
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5-methyl-1,3cyclohexadiene
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4-amino-3-isopropyl-2-hexanone
5,5-dimethyl-3-oxohexanoic acid
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2-mercapto-4-oxo-heptanal *
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4-amino-6-heptenoic acid
ethanedioic acid *
or
oxalic acid
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isopropyl benzoate
1-chloro-3ethylbenzene
or
m-chloroethylbenzene
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4-hydroxybenzaldehyde
or
p-hydroxybenzaldehyde
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1-chloro-2-methyl-4-propylbenzene
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2,4,6-trimethylbenzoic acid
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3-bromo-4-methyl-benzenesulphonic acid
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ethyl 2,4-dimethylbenzoate
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(R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-((S)- 1,2-dihydroxyethyl)furan-2(5H)-one
(R)-3,4-二羟基-5-((S)- 1,2-二羟乙基)呋喃-2(5H)-酮
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