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Take out a piece of paper
Name the Seven Dwarves
Difficulty of Task
• Was the exercise easy or difficult.
It depends on what factors?
•Whether you like Disney movies
•how long ago you watched the movie
•how loud the people are around you when
you are trying to remember
As you might have guessed, the next topic
we are going to examine is…….
Memory
The persistence of learning over time
through the storage and retrieval of
information.
So what was the point of the seven dwarves
exercise?
The Memory process
• Encoding
• Storage
• Retrieval
Encoding
• The processing of information into the longterm storage.
Typing info into a computer
Getting a girls name at a party
Storage
• The retention of encoded material over
time.
Pressing Ctrl S and
saving the info.
Trying to remember her name
when you leave the party.
Retrieval
• The process of getting the information out
of memory storage.
Finding your document
and opening it up.
Seeing her the next day
and calling her the wrong
name (retrieval failure).
Turn your paper over.
Now pick out the seven dwarves.
Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy Smiley
Jumpy Hopeful Goofy
Sleazy
Shy
Droopy Moody
Hoppy
Dopey Sniffy
Wishful Puffy Ren
Dumpy Sneezy
Pop Grumpy Cheesy
Bashful Cheerful
Teach Snorty Nifty Itchy
Happy Doc
Wheezy Stubby Poopy Diddy Stimpy
Seven Dwarves
Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful
Did you do better on the first or second dwarf memory
exercise?
Recall v. Recognition
• With recall- you must retrieve the
information from your memory (fill-in-the
blank tests).
• With recognition- you must identify the
target from possible targets (multiple-choice
tests).
• Which is easier?
Types of Memory
• Sensory Memory
• Short-Term Memory
Encoding
Retrieval
Long-Term Memory
Sensory Memory
• The immediate, initial recording of sensory
information in the memory system.
• Echoic – sensory memory for sound (last
1-2 s.)
• Iconic – sensory memory for vision (lasts a
fraction of a second)
• Stored just for an instant, and most gets
unprocessed.
Short-Term Memory
• Memory that holds a few items briefly.
• Seven digits (plus of minus two).
• The info will be stored into long-term or
forgotten.
How do you store things from short-term to long-term?
Rehearsal
You must repeat things over
and over to put them into
your long-term memory.
Long Term Memory
• Unlimited
storehouse of
information.
• Explicit
(declarative)
memories
• Implicit (nondeclarative)
memories
Explicit Memories (aka,
declarative memories)
•
Episodic Memories
Episodic memory is the memory of autobiographical
events (times, places, associated emotions, and other
contextual who, what, when, where, why knowledge)
that can be explicitly stated.
•
Semantic Memories
Semantic memory refers to a portion of longterm memory that processes ideas and concepts that
are not drawn from personal experience. Semantic
memory includes things that are common
knowledge, such as the names of colors, the sounds
of letters, the capitals of countries and other basic
facts acquired over a lifetime.
Formed by the
hippocampus; stored in
the cerebral cortex.
Implicit Memories
•
Procedural Memories
Procedural memory is a part of the long-term memory that is
responsible for knowing how to do things, also known as
motor skills.
•
Conditioned Memories
AKA Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning
Formed by the
cerebellum; stored
in the cerebral
cortex.
To summarize….
Encoding
How do you encode the info you read in our text?
Getting the information in our
heads!!!!
Two ways to encode information
• Automatic Processing
• Effortful Processing
Automatic Processing
• Unconscious encoding of incidental
information.
• Examples: what table you were
seated at a restaurant; what you ate
for breakfast, where on the page a
word was, who you saw on the way
to class today.
• Things can become automatic with
practice (when you first learn a new
word, every time you hear it, you
consciously and effortlessly pull up
the definition from meaning; after
hearing it 50 times, you can
understand the word without effort
– reading Shakespeare.)
Effortful Processing
• Encoding that requires attention and conscious
effort.
• Examples: vocabulary for school, dates, names
• Rehearsal (conscious repetition) is the most
common effortful processing technique.
• It depends on the amount of time spent
processing the information.
• Overlearning (reviewing things you already know)
enhances retention. (This is why Dr. Humble will
probably never allow senior exam exemptions.)
Spacing Effect
• We increase longterm retention
when we study or
practice over time.
• Cramming is an
inefficient means of
studying (ie,
cramming = less
time for guitar
hero)
All-purpose memory demo
Bed
Quilt
Dark
Silence
Fatigue
Clock
Snoring
Night
Toss
Tired
Artichoke
Turn
Rest
Dream
Sleep
How many did you remember?
• 7 plus or minus 2
• Towards the beginning or the end
• Words that don’t fit
Quiz Question
Your consciously activated but limitedcapacity memory is called ________
memory.
A. short-term
B. Implicit
C. Echoic
D. Explicit
E. Semantic
Quiz Question
Memory of facts is to ________ as memory of
skills is to ________.
A. brainstem; hippocampus
B. Explicit memory; implicit memory
C. Automatic processing; effortful processing
D. Short-term memory; long-term memory
E. Iconic; echoic
Which type works best?
Chunking
• Organizing items
into familiar,
manageable units.
• Often it will occur
automatically.
Take 10 seconds to try to remember
this number list:
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Now, try again:
1492, 1776, 1812, 1941
Chunk- from Goonies
What are some other
examples of chunking?
Tricks to Encoding
Mnemonic Devices = memory tricks
-Often use imagery (peg word, method of
loci, “hippo on campus…”)
-May use chunking (King Philip Came Over
for Great Spaghetti, SOHCOHTOA, My very
earnest mother just served us nine [pizzas],
ROY G. BIV)
Give me some more examples….
Links to examples of mnemonic devices.
Self-Reference Effect
• The idea that we
remember things when
they relate to
ourselves.
• What do we do in class
to take advantage of
this?
Study pitfalls
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Visual encoding: thinking about the appearance of the
word
Acoustic encoding: thinking about the sound of the word
(unless it is set to music—then it is great for rote
memorization)
The next-in-line effect: we seldom remember what the
person has just said or done if we are next.
Information minutes before sleep is seldom remembered;
in the hour before sleep, well remembered.
Taped info played while asleep is registered by ears, but
we do not remember it.
Quiz Question
In order to remember to buy sugar, ham, oranges,
and potatoes the next time he does to the
grocery store, Nabil forms the word “SHOP”
with the first letter of each item. He is using a
memory aid known as
A. Chunking
B. The spacing effect
C. The serial position effect
D. The method of loci
E. The next-in-line effect
Quiz Question
When Carlos was promoted, he moved into a new
office with a new phone extension. Every time
he is asked for his phone number, Carlos first
thinks of his old extension, illustrating the
effects of
A. proactive interference
B. Retroactive interference
C. Encoding failure
D. Storage failure