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Hist 100 World Civilization I Instructor: Dr. Donald R. Shaffer Upper Iowa University Lecture 14 Invaders of Europe: Saracens and Magyars Starting in the 9th century Europe faced a number of outside invaders who disrupted medieval life Saracens Muslim marauders based in Africa, Spain, and the Mediterranean They were not conquerors, but raiders in search of valuables They preyed on shipping, plundered coastal cities, even went up rivers to attack inland Raided Rome in 846 Saracens Magyars (Hungarians) Originated east of the Ural Mountains Nomadic horseman who began terrorizing Germany, northern Italy and eastern and central France in the 9th century Eventually, the gave up raiding, settled down in the Carpathian region, and became just another European nationality Magyars Lecture 14 Invaders of Europe: Vikings The most famous and persistent of the medieval invaders Raided in Europe between the 9th and 12th centuries Came out of Scandinavia Reasons for raiding Overpopulation in Scandinavia Centralization in the Viking kingdoms Improved ships: longboats Like the Saracens they tended to raid from the sea, striking inland along rivers Their raids took them from the Mediterranean to the Black Sea But England, northern France, and Russia bore the brunt The Vikings colonized all these places Lecture 14 Revival and Recovery (1) After the invasions began to decline starting about 1000, Europe recovered and entered a period of greater stability and recovery Urban revival The revival of urban centers was very much at the core of the revival Older Roman cities revived and were joined by newer “cathedral towns” These towns developed around cathedrals that were the centers of religious piety and pilgrimage Commerce often developed around the cathedrals Climate change and urbanism A rise in agricultural productivity spurred urban growth, made possible a warming trend in Europe that lasted from the 9th to the 12th century A cathedral town Lecture 14 Revival and Recovery (2) Characteristics of medieval towns Tended to be walled for protection Walls made the towns compact and cramped The revival of towns encouraged the growth of a class of people outside the feudal system Artisans and merchants Tolerated by feudal lords because they were useful A source of revenue and consumer goods and services Lords extended them “liberties” New concepts Citizenship Self-government Guilds Lecture 14 Economic Decline and the Little Ice Age The prosperity of the European recovery began to decline in the mid13th century Little Ice Age Just as climate change had made possible the greater prosperity, the decline in temperatures that started in the 13th century hurt the European economy Likewise, by the 13th century farmers had reclaimed most of the wetlands in Europe Without improvements in European agricultural practices and technology, farmers could not improve their productivity Indeed, the increasingly colder and rainier climate tended to further lower agricultural production Lecture 14 The Black Death Perhaps the most famous pandemic in history Struck Europe in Oct. 1347 Arrived in Europe from Asia aboard trading ships Plague was carried by fleas Unhygienic conditions in medieval Europe and malnutrition helped the plague to spread Social effects Almost caused a complete breakdown in European society People searched for preventives, cures, and scapegoats Killed about a third to a half of Europe’s population, averaging regional variations Survivors did benefit as the plague increased real wages Lecture 14 Religious-Secular Conflict (1) The Catholic Church not only had a spiritual monopoly in the Middle Ages, it also enjoyed significant political power Papal Monarchy Theory Europe was a Christian Commonwealth in which kings and barons accepted spiritual direction from the clergy, headed by the Pope This meant that the spiritual power of the Pope was greater than the temporal power of any secular ruler Secular leaders, in reality, resisted attempts by the Pope and other clergy to impose their spiritual authority on them The struggle between the church and secular rulers one of the great themes of medieval politics Medieval Illumination of Pope Leo crowning Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor Lecture 14 Religious-Secular Conflict (2) Secular leaders initially held the advantage in the medieval religioussecular power rivalry Secular leaders sought to control church leadership and power in their realm to bolster their own authority Some kings and barons even sold church offices (“simony”) Bishops and even the Pope sometimes acted more like medieval princes than spiritual leaders Ecclesiastical reform Begins in the mid-11th century Reformers sought to end simony, enforce clerical celibacy, and improve the morals of the clergy Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor takes a lead role in cleaning up the papacy Henry III Holy Roman Emperor Lecture 14 Religious-Secular Conflict (3) Lay Investiture Controversy In 1075, Pope Gregory VII banned secular leaders from appointing church leaders in their domains Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor refused to comply with the order Gregory VII excommunicated Henry He also absolved Henry’s nobles and churchmen from obedience Henry forced to humble himself at Canossa With the Pope’s forgiveness, Henry returned home, consolidated his position, and began appointing church leaders again Gregory again excommunicates Henry, but Henry invaded Italy this time with an army and drove Gregory out of Rome Compromise: Henry V made a facesaving deal with the pope Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor at Canossa seeking the Pope’s forgiveness Lecture 14 Religious-Secular Conflict (4) The power of the papacy was increased for a time by the outbreak of the Crusades in 1095 The Pope’s power also increased through Canon Law Yet by the late 13th and early 14th century monarchs again triumphant When Pope Boniface VIII got into conflict with Philip IV of France, Philip simply came with an army and arrested Boniface He also installed a new pope, Clement V, who moved the papacy from Rome to Avignon in France Babylonian Captivity (1309-1376) Great Schism Resulted after an attempt to move the Papacy back to Rome In 1378, Cardinals opposed to Clement VII returned to Avignon and set up a rival pope Split didn’t end until 1417 Papal Palace in Avignon, France Lecture 14 Religious Dissent (1) The Church also had problems with dissent in the Medieval period Cathars Emerged out of southern France in the 11th century Believed that matter was evil, and that Christ could not have been both God and man Albigensian Crusade launched in 1208, Cathars largely wiped out by the 1230s Expulsion of the Cathars from Carcassonne in 1219 Waldensians Founded by Peter Waldo in Lyon, France in the 12th century Embraced poverty as the way to perfection, rejected Church authority Never completely suppressed by Catholics authorities, joined with the Protestant movement in the 1500s Public execution of Waldensians Lecture 14 Religious Dissent (2) John Wyclif (1329-1384) A professor at Oxford in England He asserted that papal claims to temporal power had no foundation in scriptures and that scriptures alone should be the standard of Christian belief and doctrine Wyclif believed that people should read the Bible for themselves Led an effort to translate the Bible from Latin into English His teaching tended to de-emphasize the church’s role as a spiritual intermediary Lollards Name given to Wyclif’s followers Persecuted as heretics Their dissent foreshadowed the Protestant reformation of the 1500s John Wyclif Execution of a Lollard (c. 1417)
