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FIGHTING DISEASE FIRST LINE OF DEFENCE SKIN – keep organisms and allergens from entering the body LYSOZYME – enzyme in tears, saliva, mucus secretions, and perspiration that digests bacterial cell walls RESPIRATORY CILIA – trap inhaled bacteria and sweep up to throat STOMACH ACID – low pH kills pathogens SECOND LINE OF DEFENCE • LYMPHATIC ORGANS AND TISSUES INCLUDING: TONSILS – collection of lymph tissue in the back of the throat that filter out organisms that cause infection THYMUS – organ in which new white blood cells develop specialized functions LIVER – white blood cells remove organisms from the blood as it flows through SPLEEN – removes abnormal cells from circulation MUCOUS MEMBRANE – in respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, contain immunoglobulins to destroy pathogens and allergens LYMPH NODES – act as filters and produce antibodies to destroy invading organisms and abnormal cells BONE MARROW – site of white blood cell formation White Blood Cells LYMPHOCYTES • Found in the blood, tissue fluids, and lymph • Produced in bone marrow and the thymus • Produce antibodies MACROPHAGES • Produced in the bone marrow • Engulfs pathogens by phagocytosis • Secretes lysozyme to kill the pathogens THIRD LINE OF DEFENCE • Antibody formation • Antibiotics Antibody Formation: • Protein molecules which fight foreign material • Manufactured in plasma cells • Specifically shaped to deactivate antigens (the foreign material) • Circulate through the blood stream and enter tissues to combat the antigens • Macrophages consume and digest the deactivated antigen-antibody complex • Memory cells stored in the lymph nodes “remember” how to produce identical antibodies if the same antigen invades again Antibiotics • Antibiotics can be classified as narrow-spectrum drugs: effective against a few types of bacteria or broad-spectrum drugs: effective against a wider range of bacteria • Different antibiotics kill different bacteria in different ways SUMMARY OF BODIES DEFENCES • FIRST LINE OF DEFENCE – Skin, Lysozyme, Respiratory Cilia, Stomach Acid • SECOND LINE OF DEFENCE – LYMPHATIC TISSUE AND ORGANS: Tonsils, Thymus, Liver, Spleen, Mucous Membrane, Lymph nodes, Bone marrow WHITE BLOOD CELLS: Lymphocytes and Macrophages • THIRD LINE OF DEFENCE – Antibody formation Antibiotics