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FIGHTING DISEASE
FIRST LINE OF DEFENCE
SKIN – keep organisms and allergens from
entering the body
LYSOZYME – enzyme in tears, saliva,
mucus secretions, and perspiration
that digests bacterial cell walls
RESPIRATORY CILIA – trap inhaled
bacteria and sweep up to throat
STOMACH ACID – low pH kills
pathogens
SECOND LINE OF DEFENCE
• LYMPHATIC ORGANS AND TISSUES
INCLUDING:
TONSILS – collection of lymph
tissue in the back of the throat
that filter out organisms that
cause infection
THYMUS – organ in which new white
blood cells develop specialized functions
LIVER – white blood cells remove organisms
from the blood as it flows through
SPLEEN – removes abnormal cells
from circulation
MUCOUS MEMBRANE – in respiratory and
gastrointestinal tracts, contain
immunoglobulins to destroy pathogens
and allergens
LYMPH NODES – act as filters and
produce antibodies to destroy invading
organisms and abnormal cells
BONE MARROW – site of white blood
cell formation
White Blood Cells
LYMPHOCYTES
• Found in the blood, tissue fluids, and lymph
• Produced in bone marrow and the thymus
• Produce antibodies
MACROPHAGES
• Produced in the bone marrow
• Engulfs pathogens by phagocytosis
• Secretes lysozyme to kill the pathogens
THIRD LINE OF DEFENCE
• Antibody formation
• Antibiotics
Antibody Formation:
• Protein molecules which fight foreign material
• Manufactured in plasma cells
• Specifically shaped to deactivate antigens (the foreign
material)
• Circulate through the blood stream and enter tissues to
combat the antigens
• Macrophages consume and digest the deactivated
antigen-antibody complex
• Memory cells stored in the lymph nodes “remember” how
to produce identical antibodies if the same antigen
invades again
Antibiotics
• Antibiotics can be classified as
 narrow-spectrum drugs: effective
against a few types of bacteria or
 broad-spectrum drugs: effective against
a wider range of bacteria
• Different antibiotics kill different
bacteria in different ways
SUMMARY OF BODIES DEFENCES
• FIRST LINE OF DEFENCE – Skin, Lysozyme, Respiratory Cilia,
Stomach Acid
• SECOND LINE OF DEFENCE –
 LYMPHATIC TISSUE AND ORGANS: Tonsils, Thymus, Liver, Spleen,
Mucous Membrane, Lymph nodes, Bone marrow
 WHITE BLOOD CELLS: Lymphocytes and Macrophages
• THIRD LINE OF DEFENCE –
 Antibody formation
 Antibiotics