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http://www.ucolick.org/~woosley/syllabus.html ASTRONOMY 12 STARS AND STELLAR EVOLUTION, WINTER, 2014 Physical Sciences 130; 12 - 1:45 PM TuTh This is a one-quarter course on stars, stellar evolution, and topics known collectively as ``high energy astrophysics'' as it applies to stellar phenomena. Thus the subject matter includes, in addition to the study of the stars themselves - their observed properties and their formation and evolution - such topics as novae, supernovae, nucleosynthesis (the origin of the elements), x-ray sources, pulsars, gamma-ray bursts, neutron stars, and black holes. We shall also discuss basic astrometry and celestial mechanics and the application of stars and supernovae to distance determination Cosmology and extra-galactic astronomy will be touched on in several lectures in Ay 12, though not in nearly as great depth as in Ay 13, which will be offered in spring quarter by David Koo. This and other courses being offered by the Astronomy Department this year are posted at http://www.astro.ucsc.edu/academics/courses/future%2013_14.html Ay 12 is especially intended for science majors and counts toward satisfying requirements for the astrophysics minor. It is heavily physics oriented. However, it should also be accessible to highly motivated non-science majors with some background in math and exposure to physical principles (see below). Our studies in Astronomy 12 will require knowledge of simple mechanics and some basic ideas about radiation theory, quantum mechanics, and nuclear physics which we shall develop as we go along, using astrophysical applications as examples. The second half of the quarter deals with the evolution of stars, beginning with their formation on the "main sequence", continuing their lives as bright celestial objects, and ending as the star collapses to a white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole. Various phenomena associated with star death (such as supernovae and nucleosynthesis) will be discussed as will energetic phenomena associated with collapsed stars and binary stars. While this course will be taught at a higher level (more math and physics) than the other introductory courses offered this quarter, the material is mostly self-contained. No previous college level math, 1 of 7 1/14/14 1:23 PM http://www.ucolick.org/~woosley/syllabus.html physics, or astronomy is required, though it certainly will help. It will be assumed however that the student has mastered elementary algebra, including logarithms, simple trigonometry, and fractional powers, and has some familiarity with basic scientific concepts and reasoning. Elementary calculus will some times be used in classroom derivations because, for those understanding calculus, it is the easiest and clearest way of obtaining results. It is not expected, however, that the student will need to use calculus on homework assignments or tests. There will be considerable emphasis on the physical processes believed to be operating in stars and the development of basic physical concepts will form a core part of the course. A background in math (at say the pre-calculus level, Math 3) and physics (5AB or 6AB) will definitely make the course much easier. Performance in this course will be judged on the basis of i) an in class, graded mid-term exam (roughly 25%); ii) a similar final exam (roughly 30%); iii) 4 graded homework sets (roughly 35%) and in class participation (up to 10%). Questions and class-room discussion are encouraged, both for your benefit and to aid me in properly pacing the course. This course also counts toward the astrophysics minor. The recommended text (but not required) for this course is Voyages to the Stars and Galaxies: Third Edition by Fraknoi, Morrison, and Wolff (FMW). It is reasonably modern, but far too superficial mathematically for my liking. It does give many interesting links on the web for further study though. Another book that I would recommend especially for the second half of the course is An Introduction to the Sun and Stars by Simon Green and Mark Jones (Barnes and Noble, 2004). This is better than the Fraknoi book at what it covers, but lacks most of the material treated in the first few weeks of the course. Somewhat harder and too mathematical to be our main textbook is Introductory Astronomy and Astrophysics, fourth edition by Zeilik and Gregory. Despite its opacity, some of the physics discussions and equations presented there will be useful in this course. Specific readings in our recommended text Fraknoi, Morrison, and Wolff, and in Green and Jones will be suggested below. Both books will be on reserve at the Science Library. Increasingly, large amounts of useful information are available on the internet. We will maintain a current website for the course at http://www.ucolick.org/~woosley 2 of 7 1/14/14 1:23 PM http://www.ucolick.org/~woosley/syllabus.html There you will find copies of the slidess used in class, homework assignments, course syllabus, constant sheet, and reviews for the mid-term and final, and many other interesting links. Unless there are problems with access, some exercises and homework may involve using the web. A good starting point with lots of links is the website for our textbook http://www.brookscole.com/cgi-wadsworth /course_products_wp.pl?fid=M20b&product_isbn_issn=0495017906& discipline_number=19 Click on the ``Free Materials'' underneath the image of the book - or go to the class site and click on the link in the syllabus given there. (Go to ``Astronomy Links''; ``Links directly related to lectures''; and click on ``Textbook site''). Another very interesting website is the ``hypertext'' astronomy textbook by Nick Strobel at http://www.astronomynotes.com/ Click on -Jump to detailed listing- I strongly urge those of you with web access (everybody?) to follow the topics of our class at these sites. Because not all the material to be presented in this course is contained in any one book, your attendance is strongly encouraged. Taking accurate detailed notes is also strongly advised as you will need them in order to do the homework and to study for the two exams. Class will meet twice weekly (TuTh 12 PM) in the Physical Sciences Building, Room 130. There will be a Graduate Teaching Assistant, Jerome Fang. His office is in Interdisciplinary Sciences, room 131 and his phone number is 9-3259. Students can stop by his office by making an appointment, but he will definitely be present for official Office Hours which are Wednesdays from 12:30 - 2:00 PM in Interdisciplinary Sciences 126. Jerome has set up a class website at http://ucolick.org/~jjfang/teaching/ay12_w14/ay12_w14.html There will also be a weekly Discussion Section that Jerome will run. This section is ``optional'' in the sense that if you are doing well in the course and don't need help with the homework, you don't have to attend, but if you do poorly in the class and have not attended Section, 3 of 7 1/14/14 1:23 PM http://www.ucolick.org/~woosley/syllabus.html it will be held against you, i.e., you will not get the ``extra credit'' that comes from participating in Section. Section is on Tuesdays from 4:00 5:10 PM in Thimann Labs 101. I will also be available during office hours (2:00 - 3:30 PM Tu, IDS 259) or at other times by appointment, though Jerome should be the one you first turn to with questions regarding course material. It will be advisable to purchase a small inexpensive calculator, if you do not already own one. Be sure to get one that does powers, roots, trig, and logarithms. A general outline of topics and relevant page numbers in the text follows. The actual material covered will vary somewhat and the topics near the end will depend on our rate of progress. Roman numerals do not correspond to the lecture number, but do indicate the approximate sequencing of topics. The references are based on the 3rd edition of Voyage to the Stars and Galaxies (FMW), Green and Jones An Introduction to the Sun and Stars (GJ), and Nick Strobel's hypertextbook (NS). You may also want to begin by looking at NS ``Appendix B: Quick Mathematics Review''. SUMMARY I. INTRODUCTION The scope of the Universe and the place of the stars in the grand scheme of things. Overview of course material. FMW Prologue; Chapter 1, 9.1; NS ``Astronomy as a Science and a Sense of Scale''. II. DESCRIPTIVE ASTRONOMY The location of the sun in the sky. Right ascension, declination, longitude, and latitude. The celestial sphere and coordinates. FMW 1, 3; NS ``Astronomy Without a Telescope'' III. GENERAL ASTROPHYSICAL CONCEPTS 4 of 7 1/14/14 1:23 PM http://www.ucolick.org/~woosley/syllabus.html 1. Newtonian physics, fundamental forces, gravitation. 2. Kepler's Laws 3. Energy: kinetic, gravitational, electrical, thermal, nuclear. 4. Weighing the galaxy. Evidence for dark matter. FMW 2, 16; NS ``Newton's Law of Gravity'' IV. STELLAR DISTANCE DETERMINATIONS 1. Luminosity, flux, magnitude definitions 2. Parallax's and proper motions; distance determinations 3. Cepheid variables; P-L relations; distances to local groups 4. Other standard candles - brightest stars, H II regions, supernovae 5. The Tully-Fisher relation. 6. Hubble's law FMW 10; NS ``Stellar Properties'' (first half) and last part of ``Other Galaxies and Active Galaxies'' - Steps to the Hubble Constant; GJ 3 V. RADIATION 1. General properties 2. Transparency of Earth's atmosphere 3. Black body radiation and the greenhouse effect 4. Stellar temperatures 5. Quantum physics - the Bohr atom 6. Emission and absorption of radiation 7. Doppler shift 8. Stellar spectra FMW 4, 5; NS ``Electromagnetic Radiation''; GJ 1, 3 VI. OBSERVATIONALLY DETERMINED PROPERTIES OF STARS 1. Determination of stellar radii, surface temperatures, mass, composition, etc. 2. Hertzsprung-Russell diagram 3. Star clusters; distances, ages 4. Stellar populations; history of the Galaxy. FMW 8, 9; NS ``Stellar Properties'' (second half); GJ 3, 4 VII. THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM AND STAR FORMATION 1. The viral theorem 5 of 7 1/14/14 1:23 PM http://www.ucolick.org/~woosley/syllabus.html 2. The Jean's mass 3. The interstellar medium and molecular clouds 4. Observational evidence for star formation FMW 11, 12; NS ``The Interstellar Medium'' and the first part of ``Lives and Deaths of Stars''; GJ 4, 5 VIII. STELLAR INTERIORS AND STELLAR EVOLUTION 1. Concepts of pressure and equation of state 2. Kinds of pressure 3. Hydrostatic equilibrium 4. The sun, a typical star 5. Degeneracy pressure and the minimum mass of a star 6. Nuclear physics 7. Hydrogen burning and the main sequence of the HR diagram 8. The solar neutrino ``problem'' FMW 6, 7; NS ``Our Sun and Stellar Structure''; GJ 1, 2, 6 IX. LATE EVOLUTION OF THE SUN AND OTHER LOW MASS STARS 1. Helium burning in stars 2. Red giant stars 3. The s-process: making tin and lead from iron 4. Planetary nebulae 5. Formation and properties of white dwarf stars FMW 13; NS ``Lives and Deaths of Stars'' (middle part); GJ 7, 8, 9 X. THE FINAL EVOLUTION OF MASSIVE STARS 1. Advanced stages of nuclear burning. The role of neutrinos 2. Observed properties of supernovae 3. The gravity bomb: How supernovae of Types II and Ib work 4. Supernova 1987A 5. Nucleosynthesis of elements up to nickel 6. The r-process: Making gold and platinum from iron. 5. Supernova remnants FMW 14; NS ``Lives and Deaths of Stars'' (last part); GJ 7, 8 6 of 7 1/14/14 1:23 PM http://www.ucolick.org/~woosley/syllabus.html XI. MASS EXCHANGING BINARY SYSTEMS 1. Mass exchange in binary star evolution 2. Novae 3. Type 1a supernovae FMW 14; GJ 9 XII. COLLAPSED STARS AND THEIR OUTBURSTS 1. Properties of neutron stars and black holes 2. Accreting x-ray sources 3. Pulsars FMW 14, 15; GJ 9 XIII. GAMMA-RAY BURSTS, HYPERNOVAE, AND BLACK HOLE BIRTH FMW 15, 18-interlude 7 of 7 1/14/14 1:23 PM