Download Body Systems - summerbiology

Body Systems
 Introduction to body structures
 Integumentary
 Skeletal
 Muscular
 Nervous
 Endocrine
 Immune
 Respiratory
 Circulatory
 Digestive
 Excretory
 Reproductive
Introduction to Body
Structures
• Human body has:
–
–
–
–
100 trillion cells
4 basic kinds of tissue
About 22 internal organs
11 organ systems interacting together
• Four levels of organization in the body:
– Cells  tissues  organs  organ systems
(Smallest  largest)
Integumentary
o Skin, hair and nails
Function:
• protection against injury, infection, and
fluid loss.
• Helps maintain homeostasis by regulating
body temperature.
Integumentary
Structures:
• Skin: the largest organ of the body; it is made of
two layers the epidermis and the dermis
– Epidermis: outer layer of skin
– Dermis: inner layer of skin
• Sweat glands
• Sebaceous (oil) glands
Integumentary
Interconnections:
Other systems that provide protection:
Immune
Skeletal
Other systems that help maintain
homeostasis:
Circulatory
Nervous
Endocrine
Skeletal
o Bones, joints, ligaments
Function:
• protect and support the body & organs
• bones produce red blood cells, white blood
cells, and platelets
Skeletal
Structures
• Two Parts
– Axial Skeleton
– Appendicular
skeleton
Axial
Appendicular
Skeletal
Axial Skeleton
1. Skull
2. Vertebral column
–
–
–
–
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
3. Ribs
4. Sternum
Skeletal
Appendicular skeleton
1.
2.
3.
4.
Pectoral girdle
Forelimbs
Hindlimbs
Pelvic girdle
Skeletal
Interconnections:
Other systems that provide protection:
Integumentary
Immune
Other systems that provide movement:
Muscular
Nervous
Other systems that use blood cells made by the
skeletal system:
Circulatory
Immune
Muscular
o Muscles- skeletal, cardiac and smooth
*Recall that muscle cells have lots of
mitochondria since they need lots of
energy
Function
• move limbs and trunk,
• moves substances through the body
(peristalsis);
• provides support and structure.
Muscular
Structure
3 Types of Muscle Tissues:
1.Skeletal—skeletal muscles; voluntary
2.Smooth—vessels and organs; involuntary
3.Cardiac—heart; involuntary
Muscular
Interconnections:
Other systems that provide movement:
Skeletal
Nervous
Other systems that are made of muscle tissue
Circulatory (cardiac tissue)
Respiratory (smooth tissue)
Other systems that benefit from the muscles
ability to move substances throughout the
body:
Digestive
Excretory
Nervous
Endocrine
Reproductive
Nervous System
o Brain, neurons and spinal cord
Function
• Receives and sends signals through
chemicals
– creates a response to stimuli.
• Regulates behavior and the other
organ systems
– controls sensory and motor functions
• Maintains homeostasis
Nervous System
Divisions
• Central Nervous System
– Brain = Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Hypothalamus,
Brain Stem, Medulla
– Spinal Cord
• Peripheral Nervous System - all nerves
branching from the cord.
– Cranial – nerves from the brain
– Spinal – nerves from the spinal cord
• Autonomic Nervous System – performs
functions automatically such as: breathing,
heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and
even sleep.
Nervous System
Structures
• Brain:
– Cerebrum – controls thought, language, reasoning and
perception.
– Cerebellum – controls coordination, movement, balance,
& posture.
– Hypothalamus – controls body temperature, hunger,
thirst & homeostasis.
– Medulla – controls the regulation of breathing & heart
rate
– Brain Stem – is made up of pons, medulla, and the
midbrain which regulate the body’s involuntary processes.
Nervous System
Structures
• Neuron- nerve cells that transmit
information throughout the body
Nervous System
Structures
• Spinal Cord- dense cable of nervous tissue
that runs through the vertebral column.
– Links the brain to the peripheral nervous system
Nervous System
Interconnections
The nervous system is connected to every
other system because it controls and
regulates all functions of the body
Endocrine
o Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland,
pancreas, ovaries/testis
Function
• Regulates the normal everyday functions of the
body
– secreting chemicals causing a regulatory effect or a
defensive effect.
• Helps maintain homeostasis
• Regulates other organs
Examples: adrenaline rush, breathing rate, heart
rate, body temp
Endocrine
Structure
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Adrenal Glands
Pancreas
Testis & Ovaries
Endocrine
Interconnections
The endocrine system is connected to
every other system because it helps
regulates all organs and provides a
regulatory or defense effect for our
other systems
Immune
o Skin, white blood cells, lymph nodes, spleen
Function
• Defends against pathogens and disease:
1) Creates a barrier to prevent pathogens from
entering your body
2) If pathogens get into the body, the immune
system tries to detect and eliminate it before it
can make itself at home and reproduce.
3) If the pathogen is able to reproduce and start
causing problems, your immune system is in
charge of eliminating it.
Immune
When you are sick a mild fever, even
though it temporarily disrupts
homeostasis, is good as it helps to
inhibit the growth of pathogens (like
viruses) and stimulates the immune
system response.
Immune
Structure
• Skin- primary boundary between germs and
your body.
– Skin is tough and generally impermeable to
pathogens.
• Thymus - produces T- cells
• Spleen – filters the blood looking for foreign
cells and old red blood cells in need of
replacement.
• Lymph system – collects and recycles fluids
leaked from the circulatory system and is
involved in fighting infections
– The lymph detect and remove bacteria from the
blood plasma.
Immune System
• Bone marrow – produces new red and white
blood cells. The marrow produces all blood
cells from stem cells.
• White blood cells - white blood cells destroy
pathogens . Some examples of white blood
cells are Leukocytes, Lymphocytes, B-cells, Tcells, Helper T-cells, Phagocytes, and
Macrophages.
• Antibodies – produced by white blood cells;
respond to a specific bacteria, virus or toxin.
Immune System
The immune system and allergies:
• Allergy- The body’s inappropriate response to
an antigen, which can be a common
substance that is typically harmless.
• Most allergic reactions are just
uncomfortable:
– swelling, redness, increased mucus production,
runny nose, itchy eyes, etc.
• There are some severe allergic reactions,
though, that can be life threatening.
Immune System
Interconnections
Other systems involved in protection:
Skeletal
Integumentary
This system produces bone marrow
Skeletal
Saliva is anti-bacterial and found in this system:
Digestive
Blood cells are apart of this system
Circulatory
Respiratory
o Mouth, nose, trachea, lungs, bronchi/alveoli
Function
• Moves air into and out of the lungs
• Controls gas exchange between blood and
lungs.
• Helps to maintain homeostasis
Respiratory
Structures
• Larynx: voice box, vibrations produce noise
• Glottis: opening to the trachea (windpipe)
• Trachea: windpipe carries air to lungs
Trachea – note the
rings of cartilage;
these are not found
in the esophagus
•The true vocal cords and the opening between
them is called the glottis.
Respiratory
Structures
• Pharynx: back of throat, beginning of
trachea
• Epiglottis: covers the glottis as we swallows
Respiratory
Structures
• Bronchi: two branches (left & right bronchus) at
lower end of trachea
• Bronchioles: smaller branches located in lungs
• Diaphragm: muscle that contracts to allow air to
enter the lungs
Respiratory
Structures
• Lungs: right lung- three lobes, left lung- two
lobes, exchange gases
– Your lungs contain almost 1500 miles of airways
and over 300 million alveoli.
– Every minute you breathe in 13 pints (26 cups
or 6.14 liters) of air.
Respiratory
Structures
• Alveoli: air filled sacs where oxygen and
carbon dioxide are exchanged
Respiratory
Trace a breath through the respiratory system:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
External Nares Nostrils/Mouth
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Brochioles
Alveoli
Respiratory
Interconnections
Other systems that involve exchanging oxygen and
carbon dioxide into and out of the blood:
Circulatory
The system that helps compose the lungs (made of
smooth tissue)
Muscular
The other systems involved in helping us breathe:
Nervous
Endocrine
Circulatory
o Heart, blood, blood vessels
Functions
• transports nutrients, wastes,
hormones, and gases through a
series of organs and vessels;
• involved in maintaining
homeostasis
Circulatory
Structures
• 2 Parts:
– Cardiovascular (heart-vessel) System
– Lymphatic System (often listed separately)
Circulatory
Structures
Right lung
Aorta
Left lung
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Blood from aorta to body
Circulatory
Structures
• Atria: 2 top chambers of the heart
– Receive the blood
– Left and right atrium
• Ventricles: 2 bottom chambers of the heart
– Pump the blood
– Left and right ventricle
• Septum: separates the right & left sides of
the heart
Circulatory
Structures
• Aorta: carries oxygenated blood to body
• Superior vena cava: carries blood from head
to heart (deoxygenated)
• Inferior vena cava: carries blood from body
to heart (deoxygenated)
• Arteries: carry blood away from the heart
(oxygenated, except in pulmonary arteries)
• Veins: Carry blood to the heart
(deoxygenated, except in pulmonary veins)
Circulatory
Interconnections
The other system that involves exchanging oxygen and
carbon dioxide into and out of the blood:
Respiratory
The other system that involves lymph nodes:
Immune
The other system that makes blood cells:
Skeletal
This system is composes the cardiac tissue in the heart:
Muscular
Nutrients absorbed in this system are circulated
throughout the body:
Digestive
Digestive System
o A series of organs involved in mechanically and
chemically breaking down food with the help of
enzymes & bacteria, and absorbing nutrients for
the body’s growth and repair.
Function
• break up large molecules (proteins, carbohydrates,
and fats) into small subunits (amino acids,
glucose, glycerol, and fatty acids)for energy
• helps body maintain homeostasis
Digestive
Structures:
• Mouth – Digestion starts here
• Salivary Glands – Secrete enzymes to help
with digestion
• Esophagus
- tube that goes from the mouth to the stomach
- pushes food down the tube through peristalsis
• Stomach
– mechanical digestion
– protein digestion with pepsin or HCl
Digestive
Small Intestine
– Completes digestion
– Absorbs nutrients; trypsin, lipases, bile
Large Intestine
– Reabsorbs Water
– Passageway for Waste
Digestive
Gall Bladder – Stores bile
Pancreas
– Secretes enzymes into small intestine
– produces insulin (endocrine hormone for sugar
regulation)
Liver
– Secretes bile
– Purifies blood
– Removes toxins
*Food does NOT pass through these 3
organs!
Esophagus
Liver
Gall
bladder
Stomach
Pancreas
Small
Intestine
Large
Intestine
Digestive
Interconnections
Nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine and
carried throughout the body by this system:
Circulatory
This system controls peristalsis:
Muscular
This system gets rid of the waste produced by the
digestive system:
Excretory
These systems are also closely linked:
Nervous
Endocrine
Skeletal
Excretory
o Kidneys, bladder, urethra, sweat glands
Functions
• Filters metabolic/nitrogenous wastes
from the bloodstream
• Controls the ionic composition of the
blood.
• Excretes wastes outside of body.
• Involved in maintaining homeostasis.
Excretory
Structures
• Kidney: Filters waste from blood,
produces urine
• Ureter: Carries urine from kidney to
bladder
• Urinary Bladder: Stores urine
• Urethra: tube from the bladder to the
outside of the body through which urine
passes
Excretory
Structures
• Renal arteries & veins: take oxygenated
blood to the kidneys & deoxygenated blood
away from the kidneys, respectively.
• Nephron: tube-like structure in the kidneys
that filters wastes from the body and retains
useful molecules; microscopic functional unit
of the kidney
Excretory
Interconnections
The system that brings wastes/toxins to the
kidneys for filtering:
Circulatory
Other system that involves sweat:
Integumentary
Other systems closely related:
Nervous
Muscular
Endocrine
Reproductive
Function
• Produce gametes and to nourish and
protect offspring until birth
Structures
• Male: testes, vas deferens, epididymis,
penis
• Female: ovaries, uterus, vagina, fallopian
tubes, cervix
Reproductive
Interconnections
This system controls the hormones
associated with the reproductive organs
Endocrine
Other systems related to the reproductive
system
Nervous
Muscular
Circulatory