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Body Systems Introduction to body structures Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Immune Respiratory Circulatory Digestive Excretory Reproductive Introduction to Body Structures • Human body has: – – – – 100 trillion cells 4 basic kinds of tissue About 22 internal organs 11 organ systems interacting together • Four levels of organization in the body: – Cells tissues organs organ systems (Smallest largest) Integumentary o Skin, hair and nails Function: • protection against injury, infection, and fluid loss. • Helps maintain homeostasis by regulating body temperature. Integumentary Structures: • Skin: the largest organ of the body; it is made of two layers the epidermis and the dermis – Epidermis: outer layer of skin – Dermis: inner layer of skin • Sweat glands • Sebaceous (oil) glands Integumentary Interconnections: Other systems that provide protection: Immune Skeletal Other systems that help maintain homeostasis: Circulatory Nervous Endocrine Skeletal o Bones, joints, ligaments Function: • protect and support the body & organs • bones produce red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets Skeletal Structures • Two Parts – Axial Skeleton – Appendicular skeleton Axial Appendicular Skeletal Axial Skeleton 1. Skull 2. Vertebral column – – – – Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral 3. Ribs 4. Sternum Skeletal Appendicular skeleton 1. 2. 3. 4. Pectoral girdle Forelimbs Hindlimbs Pelvic girdle Skeletal Interconnections: Other systems that provide protection: Integumentary Immune Other systems that provide movement: Muscular Nervous Other systems that use blood cells made by the skeletal system: Circulatory Immune Muscular o Muscles- skeletal, cardiac and smooth *Recall that muscle cells have lots of mitochondria since they need lots of energy Function • move limbs and trunk, • moves substances through the body (peristalsis); • provides support and structure. Muscular Structure 3 Types of Muscle Tissues: 1.Skeletal—skeletal muscles; voluntary 2.Smooth—vessels and organs; involuntary 3.Cardiac—heart; involuntary Muscular Interconnections: Other systems that provide movement: Skeletal Nervous Other systems that are made of muscle tissue Circulatory (cardiac tissue) Respiratory (smooth tissue) Other systems that benefit from the muscles ability to move substances throughout the body: Digestive Excretory Nervous Endocrine Reproductive Nervous System o Brain, neurons and spinal cord Function • Receives and sends signals through chemicals – creates a response to stimuli. • Regulates behavior and the other organ systems – controls sensory and motor functions • Maintains homeostasis Nervous System Divisions • Central Nervous System – Brain = Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Hypothalamus, Brain Stem, Medulla – Spinal Cord • Peripheral Nervous System - all nerves branching from the cord. – Cranial – nerves from the brain – Spinal – nerves from the spinal cord • Autonomic Nervous System – performs functions automatically such as: breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and even sleep. Nervous System Structures • Brain: – Cerebrum – controls thought, language, reasoning and perception. – Cerebellum – controls coordination, movement, balance, & posture. – Hypothalamus – controls body temperature, hunger, thirst & homeostasis. – Medulla – controls the regulation of breathing & heart rate – Brain Stem – is made up of pons, medulla, and the midbrain which regulate the body’s involuntary processes. Nervous System Structures • Neuron- nerve cells that transmit information throughout the body Nervous System Structures • Spinal Cord- dense cable of nervous tissue that runs through the vertebral column. – Links the brain to the peripheral nervous system Nervous System Interconnections The nervous system is connected to every other system because it controls and regulates all functions of the body Endocrine o Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries/testis Function • Regulates the normal everyday functions of the body – secreting chemicals causing a regulatory effect or a defensive effect. • Helps maintain homeostasis • Regulates other organs Examples: adrenaline rush, breathing rate, heart rate, body temp Endocrine Structure Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Glands Pancreas Testis & Ovaries Endocrine Interconnections The endocrine system is connected to every other system because it helps regulates all organs and provides a regulatory or defense effect for our other systems Immune o Skin, white blood cells, lymph nodes, spleen Function • Defends against pathogens and disease: 1) Creates a barrier to prevent pathogens from entering your body 2) If pathogens get into the body, the immune system tries to detect and eliminate it before it can make itself at home and reproduce. 3) If the pathogen is able to reproduce and start causing problems, your immune system is in charge of eliminating it. Immune When you are sick a mild fever, even though it temporarily disrupts homeostasis, is good as it helps to inhibit the growth of pathogens (like viruses) and stimulates the immune system response. Immune Structure • Skin- primary boundary between germs and your body. – Skin is tough and generally impermeable to pathogens. • Thymus - produces T- cells • Spleen – filters the blood looking for foreign cells and old red blood cells in need of replacement. • Lymph system – collects and recycles fluids leaked from the circulatory system and is involved in fighting infections – The lymph detect and remove bacteria from the blood plasma. Immune System • Bone marrow – produces new red and white blood cells. The marrow produces all blood cells from stem cells. • White blood cells - white blood cells destroy pathogens . Some examples of white blood cells are Leukocytes, Lymphocytes, B-cells, Tcells, Helper T-cells, Phagocytes, and Macrophages. • Antibodies – produced by white blood cells; respond to a specific bacteria, virus or toxin. Immune System The immune system and allergies: • Allergy- The body’s inappropriate response to an antigen, which can be a common substance that is typically harmless. • Most allergic reactions are just uncomfortable: – swelling, redness, increased mucus production, runny nose, itchy eyes, etc. • There are some severe allergic reactions, though, that can be life threatening. Immune System Interconnections Other systems involved in protection: Skeletal Integumentary This system produces bone marrow Skeletal Saliva is anti-bacterial and found in this system: Digestive Blood cells are apart of this system Circulatory Respiratory o Mouth, nose, trachea, lungs, bronchi/alveoli Function • Moves air into and out of the lungs • Controls gas exchange between blood and lungs. • Helps to maintain homeostasis Respiratory Structures • Larynx: voice box, vibrations produce noise • Glottis: opening to the trachea (windpipe) • Trachea: windpipe carries air to lungs Trachea – note the rings of cartilage; these are not found in the esophagus •The true vocal cords and the opening between them is called the glottis. Respiratory Structures • Pharynx: back of throat, beginning of trachea • Epiglottis: covers the glottis as we swallows Respiratory Structures • Bronchi: two branches (left & right bronchus) at lower end of trachea • Bronchioles: smaller branches located in lungs • Diaphragm: muscle that contracts to allow air to enter the lungs Respiratory Structures • Lungs: right lung- three lobes, left lung- two lobes, exchange gases – Your lungs contain almost 1500 miles of airways and over 300 million alveoli. – Every minute you breathe in 13 pints (26 cups or 6.14 liters) of air. Respiratory Structures • Alveoli: air filled sacs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged Respiratory Trace a breath through the respiratory system: • • • • • • • External Nares Nostrils/Mouth Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Brochioles Alveoli Respiratory Interconnections Other systems that involve exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of the blood: Circulatory The system that helps compose the lungs (made of smooth tissue) Muscular The other systems involved in helping us breathe: Nervous Endocrine Circulatory o Heart, blood, blood vessels Functions • transports nutrients, wastes, hormones, and gases through a series of organs and vessels; • involved in maintaining homeostasis Circulatory Structures • 2 Parts: – Cardiovascular (heart-vessel) System – Lymphatic System (often listed separately) Circulatory Structures Right lung Aorta Left lung Right Atrium Right Ventricle Left Atrium Left Ventricle Blood from aorta to body Circulatory Structures • Atria: 2 top chambers of the heart – Receive the blood – Left and right atrium • Ventricles: 2 bottom chambers of the heart – Pump the blood – Left and right ventricle • Septum: separates the right & left sides of the heart Circulatory Structures • Aorta: carries oxygenated blood to body • Superior vena cava: carries blood from head to heart (deoxygenated) • Inferior vena cava: carries blood from body to heart (deoxygenated) • Arteries: carry blood away from the heart (oxygenated, except in pulmonary arteries) • Veins: Carry blood to the heart (deoxygenated, except in pulmonary veins) Circulatory Interconnections The other system that involves exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of the blood: Respiratory The other system that involves lymph nodes: Immune The other system that makes blood cells: Skeletal This system is composes the cardiac tissue in the heart: Muscular Nutrients absorbed in this system are circulated throughout the body: Digestive Digestive System o A series of organs involved in mechanically and chemically breaking down food with the help of enzymes & bacteria, and absorbing nutrients for the body’s growth and repair. Function • break up large molecules (proteins, carbohydrates, and fats) into small subunits (amino acids, glucose, glycerol, and fatty acids)for energy • helps body maintain homeostasis Digestive Structures: • Mouth – Digestion starts here • Salivary Glands – Secrete enzymes to help with digestion • Esophagus - tube that goes from the mouth to the stomach - pushes food down the tube through peristalsis • Stomach – mechanical digestion – protein digestion with pepsin or HCl Digestive Small Intestine – Completes digestion – Absorbs nutrients; trypsin, lipases, bile Large Intestine – Reabsorbs Water – Passageway for Waste Digestive Gall Bladder – Stores bile Pancreas – Secretes enzymes into small intestine – produces insulin (endocrine hormone for sugar regulation) Liver – Secretes bile – Purifies blood – Removes toxins *Food does NOT pass through these 3 organs! Esophagus Liver Gall bladder Stomach Pancreas Small Intestine Large Intestine Digestive Interconnections Nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine and carried throughout the body by this system: Circulatory This system controls peristalsis: Muscular This system gets rid of the waste produced by the digestive system: Excretory These systems are also closely linked: Nervous Endocrine Skeletal Excretory o Kidneys, bladder, urethra, sweat glands Functions • Filters metabolic/nitrogenous wastes from the bloodstream • Controls the ionic composition of the blood. • Excretes wastes outside of body. • Involved in maintaining homeostasis. Excretory Structures • Kidney: Filters waste from blood, produces urine • Ureter: Carries urine from kidney to bladder • Urinary Bladder: Stores urine • Urethra: tube from the bladder to the outside of the body through which urine passes Excretory Structures • Renal arteries & veins: take oxygenated blood to the kidneys & deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys, respectively. • Nephron: tube-like structure in the kidneys that filters wastes from the body and retains useful molecules; microscopic functional unit of the kidney Excretory Interconnections The system that brings wastes/toxins to the kidneys for filtering: Circulatory Other system that involves sweat: Integumentary Other systems closely related: Nervous Muscular Endocrine Reproductive Function • Produce gametes and to nourish and protect offspring until birth Structures • Male: testes, vas deferens, epididymis, penis • Female: ovaries, uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes, cervix Reproductive Interconnections This system controls the hormones associated with the reproductive organs Endocrine Other systems related to the reproductive system Nervous Muscular Circulatory